Pnb 2xb3 - Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

Spina bifida - ️️neural tube fails to close caudally - risk factor: insufficient folate (vitamin B9) consumption during pregnancy - needed for production of DNA and RNA and for mitosis - exposed nerves can result in infection, affect bladder and bowel function, and paralysis Day 20 of gestation - ️️neural groove develops; part of the mesoderm becomes somites which become bones Pluripo Endoderm - ️️lung, gut, and liver (inside layer) tent - ️️potential to become any type o...

What are the three ways in which the head can rotate in? ~~> Yaw: z axis (saying no) Pitch: y axis (saying yes) Roll: x axis What are the semicircular canals filled with? ~~> endolymph What is the vestibular labyrinth composed of? what are the functions of each? ~~> - utricle and saccule: detect head tilt and linear acceleration - semicircular canals: detect head rotation What are the two otholith organs? ~~> saccule and utricle macula ~~> receptor epithelium,...

For an on-center ganglion cell, what causes it to maximally fire? - ️️light in the center and darkness in the surround superchiasmatic nucleus - ️️part of the hypothalamus, which regulates circadian rhythms - some axons from the retina go here explain the retinotopic/visuotopic map of the primary visual cortex - ️️the macula takes up a disproportionally large space in the cortex, compared to the peripheral field What is the spontaneous level of activity or baseline for a gangli...

Frontal Lobe - ️️front of the brain; reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language; at the back of the frontal lobe, near the central sulcus, lies the motor cortex(receives information from various lobes of the brain and utilizes this information to carry out body movements); damage:changes in sexual habits, socialization, and attention, increased risk-taking Spinal nerve - ️️A nerve which carries motor, sensory and autonomic information between the spin...

What are the semicircular canals filled with? - ️️endolymph what is the advantage of having high spontaneous firing rate even in the absence of tilt in the hair cells of the vestibular system? - ️️tilting in the direction opposite to the direction which causes maximal firing rate causes hyperpolarizing the cell in which direction in regards to the striola do the longest stereocilia of the hair cells point to? - ️️in utricle: all cells point towards the striola in saccule: all c...

PNB 2XB3 Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions Neuroscience - Answer-study of the neurons and nervous systems how many neurons are in the brain and what is the power of the brain - Answer- 100 billion neurons, and it is about 20W how large are neurons - Answer-10 microns Central Nervous System (CNS) - Answer-all the parts within bone (spinal cord, thalamus, brainstem, cortex...) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Answer-not within bone (peripheral nerves) brainstem - Answer-includes t...

PNB 2XB3 Midterm 2 Review Study Guide with Complete Solutions 4 Sections of the spinal cord - Answer-1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral A beta Fibers - Answer-Large sensory fibers involved in rapidly transmitting sensation. Responds to touch (around 50 m/s) A delta Fibers - Answer-Slower fiber that responds to sharp pain ( around 10m/s) C fibers - Answer-Slow fiber that is associated with dull pain (around 1m/2s) Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway - Answer-Pathway that r...

Midterm 1 - PNB 2XB3 Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions Central Nervous System (CNS) - Answer-All parts of nervous system enclosed in bone (spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus, cortex) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - Answer-All parts not within bone (peripheral nerves) Brainstem - Answer-midbrain (lowest), pons (middle), medulla (top) Dermatomes - Answer-spinal nerves innervate sections of the skin, message from certain section of skin is sent to certain section of spine - skin co...

PNB 2XB3 - Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology Questions and Answers |100% Pass How many neurons are in the human brain? - Answer-about 100 billion What percentage of the brain do we use? - Answer-100% What is the brain's power in watts? - Answer-20 W What is the size of a typical neuron? - Answer-10 um (cell body diameter) What is the most common neurotransmitter? - Answer-Glutamate What is the voltage of a neuron at rest? - Answer--65mV What is the name of the neuro-electrical impulse? ...