Ccj 4700 - Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

What are the *downsides* and potential pitfalls of *personal experience*? - 1. Overgeneralization 2. Selective Observation 3. Premature Closure 4. Halo Effect What is authority? What are the pros and cons to this way of "Knowing"? - -Gaining knowledge from those with expertise Pros 1. quick, easy 2. experts spend much time on learning something in particular Cons 1. overstated expertise 2. ulterior motive 3. misplaced authority What is methodology? - -the science of finding out 1...

Inductive Reasoning - Inductive - moves from the specific to the general From a set of observations to the discovery of a pattern among them "why something happens" -> "whether it actually does" Purposes of Research - Explore - examine an issue or policy about which little is known Describe - observe and describe the scope of a problem or policy response Explain - answer "why?" Apply - Applied research is often used to evaluate the effects of specific criminal justice programs Tw...

Cluster sample - A multistage sample in which natural groups (clusters) are sampled initially, with the members of each selected group being subsampled afterward. For ex: you might select a sample of municipal police department from a directory, get lists of the police officers at all the selected departments then draw samples of officers from each. Quasi-experiment - A research design that includes most, but not all, elements of an experimental design. Quasi means "sort of", and a Quasi-...

concurrent validity - indicator must be associated with a preexisting indicator that is judged to be valid 4 types of reliability - - stability: reliability across time ( E.G. test - retest method, parallel forms method) - representative reliability - internal consistency reliability (split half method) - equivalence reliability (intercoder/ interrater reliability) conceptualization - the process by which we identify what we mean by a concept.- the product is a specific, agreed upon mean...

Quota - Researchers try to make sure that the sample has the desired proportion of age, sex, etc. (The researchers use judgement rather than probability when selecting samples) What are the types of non-probability sampling? - -Purposive -Quota -Convenience -Snowball Threats to internal validity: - -History(past events may confound results) -Testing(Retesting influences peoples behavior) -Selection Bias(volunteers may choose to participate in certain study) What are the 3 components of ...

What are the two realities that explain how we know what we know? -:- Experiential - direct experience Agreement - what we've been told What is tradition? Give an example. -:- Things that "everybody knows" Ex: Driving on the left side of the road in the U.S. is dangerous What is authority? Give an example. -:- Trusting the judgement of someone with special expertise Ex: You are more likely to believe a judge regarding your driver's license suspension than your parents Error...

we live in a world of ______ realities -:- two we live in a world of two realities: _________ and __________ -:- experimental; agreement __________ reality: the things we know from direct experience -:- experimental __________ reality: the things we consider real because we've been told they're real, and everyone else seems to agree they are real "everybody knows" Social agreement about how things are -:- agreement seldom solves crimes because investigators get most of their i...

What is methodology? -:- -the science of finding out 1. systematic procedures 2. technique 3. model inquiry What is empirical knowledge? -:- -Knowledge based on what we experience and observe What are the *4 ways of "knowing"*? Which is the most influential? -:- 1. Authority 2. Tradition 3. Personal experience 4.*Scientific approach* most influential (empirical research) What is authority? What are the pros and cons to this way of "Knowing"? 2 | P a g e | G r a d e A + | ...

conscious; careful - social science differs from our casual inquiry in two important aspects: social scientific inquiry is a ________ activity and it is a more _________ process than our casual efforts authority - an example of __________ as a source of agreement reality is: you are more likely to believe a judge who declares that your next traffic violation will result in a suspension of your license than your parents when they say the same thing errors in human inquiry - Can be greatly hi...

Dependent Variable -:- the variable assume to depend on or be caused by another variable (IV). If you find that sentence length is partly a function of the number of prior arrests, then sentence length is being treated as a dependent variable. Experimental Group -:- in experimentation, a group of subjects who are exposed to an experimental stimulus. Subjects in the experimental group are normally compared with subjects in a control group to test the effects of the experimental s...