Human Anatomy

PERINEUM • The perineum is traversed by • urethra and anal canal in the male, and • urethra, vagina, and anal canal in the female. • The surface features of the perineum • in male are penis, scrotum, and anal orifice, • in the female are vulva (female external genitalia) and anal orifice . • The median region between vaginal and anal orifices in female, containing perineal body is considered as gynecological perineum. Boundaries • The perineu...

PELVIC AND PERINEUM Introduction • The pelvis is the part of the trunk infero-posterior to the abdomen and is the area of transition between the trunk and the lower limbs. • The pelvic cavity is the inferior most part of the abdomino pelvic cavity. • Anatomically, the pelvis is the part of the body surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis), part of the appendicular skeleton of the lower limb. Cont…. • The pelvis is subdivided into greater and lesser pelves....

ANATOMY OF THE PANCREAS INTRODUCTION • The pancreas is a soft, finely lobulated, elongated exoendocrine gland. • The exocrine part secretes the pancreatic juice and the endocrine part secretes the hormones like insulin, etc. • The pancreatic juice helps in the digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, whereas the pancreatic hormones maintain glucose homeostasis. Cont…. • The pancreas lies more or less horizontally on the posterior abdominal wall in the epiga...

ANATOMY OF THE OVARIES GROSS ANATOMY • The ovaries are female gonads (homologous of testes in the male) which produce female gametes called oocytes (ripe ova). . Each ovary is about 4 cm long, 2 cm wide and 1 cm thick. • LOCATION • In nulliparous adult women, each ovary lies in the ovarian fossa on the lateral pelvic wall below the pelvic brim Cont… • The ovarian fossa is a slight peritoneal depression bounded: • Posteriorly by the ureter and internal iliac ...

Anatomy of the Kidney OBJECTIVES • Describe the anatomy of the kidney ,ureter,bladder and urethral • Describe the function of the urinary system • Describe the clinical correlation of the urinary system • Describe the embryological development of urinary system • Describe the histological components of urinary system Kidney • Synonyms: Renal (in Latin); Nephros (in Greek). • The kidneys are two bean-shaped, reddish-brown organs within the abdomen s...

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity  Peritoneum has two layers: Parietal peritoneum lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall Has the same blood, lymphatic vasculature and the same somatic nerve supply as is the region of the wall it lines Sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold, and laceration( pain is well localized) Visceral peritoneum Invests viscera organs Served by the same blood and lymphatic vasculature and visceral nerve supply as the org...

The abdominal wall  Encloses the abdominal cavity.  Divided into anterolateral and posterior sections. The abdominal wall Functions Forms a firm flexible containment for the abdominal viscera in the abdominal cavity and assists the viscera in maintaining their anatomical position against gravity. Protects the abdominal viscera from injury. Assists in forceful expiration by pushing the abdominal viscera upwards. Involved in actions like coughing, vomiting, defecati...

Blood Vessels • Blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood containing nutrients and oxygen to the tissues of the body. • They also takes waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. Five classes of blood vessels 1. Arteries 2. Arterioles 3. Veins 4. Venules 5. Capillaries. • Blood vessels are arranged into three concentric/circular layers or tunics • The three layers (tunics) are; 1. Tunic intima/int...

BLADDER AND URETHRA OBJECTIVES • The urinary bladder is a muscular reservoir of urine, lying in the anterior part of the pelvis. • It is commonly involved in clinical conditions such as retention of urine, cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder), calculus, disorder of micturition, and cancer. • Hence, its anatomy is of immense importance to clinicians. LOCATION • The urinary bladder is situated in the anterior part of the lesser pelvis immediately behind...

Histological Adaptations of Respiratory system to its Functions General Organizational Pattern of Respiratory System Respiratory system is organized into the following layers; 1. Mucosa Layer • The respiratory mucosa is made up of the epithelium and supporting lamina propria (a thin layer of connective tissue) • Lamina propria contains elastin and collagen fibers, which provide the trachea with support and elasticity. NB/ Along the respiratory pathway, the epithelial lining changes t...