Biology

Brief overview of the cardiovascular system and the parts of the cardiovascular system. Describes the flow of blood through the heart and the cellular anatomy of the heart. Goes over the cardiac cycle, and alternating periods of systole and diastole. Steps of the pacemaker potential, action potentials of the contractile myocardium, properties of the heart muscles and electrocardiography, how to read ECGs and to identify abnormal ECGs.

Functions of the immune system and goes through the cells of the immune system. Goes through the functions of each of the different cells of the immune system. Goes over the immune cells in tissues and the levels of immune responses. The Innate immune responses, innate immune response of natural killer cells and interferons. Complement system and adaptive immunity of antigen presenting cells. Activation of B Lymphocytes and clonal expansion of B lymphocytes.

Describes the function of the digestive system and briefly goes through the parts of the digestive system. Gastrointestinal tract and lumen. Overview of digestion, through oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine. Describes cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase. Overviews that the body harvests energy stored in chemical bonds, how APT is used and created. Anabolic and Catabolic pathways. Fed State metabolism and fasted state metabolism, and how homeostatic control of ...

Describes the ways that hormones act on target cells and classifies hormones by chemical structures. Describes amino acid derived and steroid hormones. Lists the difference between water soluble and lipid soluble hormones. Simple endocrine reflex pathways and neuroendocrine pathways. Posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary glands and the secretion of hormones. Describes the pathway between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland. Lists endocrine pathologies such as hypersecretion, h...

Briefly goes through the structure of a muscle fiber and their functions. Neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles, acetylcholine and nicotinic receptors. Excitation-coupling-contraction-relaxation process, motor units and motor unit recruitments. Twitch summation and tetanus. Concentric, eccentric, and isometric actions, muscle length to tension relationships. Creatine Phosphate system, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative metabolism. Atrophy, increased oxidative capacity, fiber type trans...

Goes through the motor branches of the Peripheral Nervous System, the Somatic Efferent, and the Autonomic Nervous System. Sympathetic Division and parasympathetic divisions. Somatic Motor Neurons: spinal cord reflexes, brain stem reflexes, and voluntary movement. Cholinergic receptors and neurons, adrenergic neurons and receptors. The adrenal gland is very important! Agonists in drug testing, and antagonists in drug testing. Beta 1 and alpha 1 receptors

Two different types of pathways of the Afferent Nervous System. The different types of receptors: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, osmoreceptors, baroreceptors, nociceptors. Where all of the type of stimuli are located and the duration of stimuli, the law of specific nerve energies (this is important!)