PNB 2XC3 Final UPDATED Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
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Course
PNB 2XC3
Institution
PNB 2XC3
PNB 2XC3 Final UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
spread of distinct traditions in chimpanzees - CORRECT ANSWER- Control: no expert
present
Poke: expert trained on the poke method
Lift: expert trained on the lift method
Expert was a high-ranking adult female who was the only allowed...
PNB 2XC3 Final UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
spread of distinct traditions in chimpanzees - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Control: no expert
present
Poke: expert trained on the poke method
Lift: expert trained on the lift method
Expert was a high-ranking adult female who was the only allowed to operate the pan-pipe for
the first week. The others closely observed and then all of the group members had access to
the pan pipe.
Result: The six control chimps failed to gain food. 5/16 chimps in each of the expert groups
gained food within one minute. Almost no adoption of the lift technique in the poke group vs.
mixed adoption of techniques in the lift group. poke was continued to use 2 months later. Lift
group even though it had mixed adoption (lift+poke) was now after 2 months almost entirely
lift. The most convincing experimental study of the spread and maintenance of alternative
traditions in non-humans.
Culture in non-human animals - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- Very limited culture in other
great apes(chimpanzees & orangutang)
- No known culture in other species
- Other species may have one tradition (e.g. distinct songs in song birds with a vast majority
of birds learning to sing from their fathers).
Chimps vs Humans - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔-Chimps use only simple tools.
-Ancient humans used complex tools (e.g. traps made of complementary parts)
-Ancient humans used weapons for hunting (chimps don't)
-Humans have developed complex cumulative culture, which relies on language &
technology and this is what sets humans apart
Relative brain vs body size in vertebrates - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔There is a positive
linear association between brain and body weights (on a log-log scale). The intercept varies
among classes. Humans have a VERY large brain size compared to body weight, a large
positive residual.
,3 measures of social learning and brain size - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔1. Innovation -
novel solutions to environmental or social problems. Examples: use of a club to attack a
snake; use of tin cans to make noisy dominance display (seen in chimps)
2. Social learning
3. Executive brain (neocortex + striatum)the brain structures involved in social learning and
innovation.
Relative volume of brain region - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔= ratio of the brain region to
either another part of the brain or whole body
Executive brain ratio - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔=Executive brain /brain stem
Social learning and brain size (2002 vs now) - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Some primate data
suggested a positive correlation between innovation / social learning and brain size (2002)
New studies with much greater power indicate no association between social learning / group
size and brain size. Not associated with sociality but is instead associated with diet. Fruit
feeders have larger brain size than leaf eaters. (2022)
Adaptive significance of taste - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The following 'basic' tastes
indicate:
•Sweet - simple carbohydrates (brain runs on simple carbs)
• Bitter - possibly poisonous or spoiled food
• Salty - Sodium (Na) in salt (NaCl) is an essential nutrient (rare for much of our evolutionary
history)
• Sour - potentially could be because we need vitamin C or acidity, the role is unknown.
Single origin in vertebrates; some species like at while others do not.
-Umami - the taste of free glutamate, a common amino acid indicating the presence of
protein. Act as natural taste enhancers
Fat - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Is not tasted through our taste receptors. High energy
content (more than twice (~9 kcal/gr) than carbohydrates and protein (~4 kcal/gr)). Therefore
it is very attractive to animals.
, Pica - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔It forages close to shelter because of predators (eagles). It
spends much of its time feeding and storing food for the winter. Defend their territories. The
food is low in calories and contains poisonous plant compounds that act as a natural
preserver; can remain fresh all the way to the end of winter (eat when poison has decayed).
Eat the whole plant.
Modern humans conflict - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Animals are adapted to maximize
consumption of food rich in energy and specific nutrients, which are typically in short supply
(fat, protein, carbohydrates, salt)
Animals are also adapted to minimize energy expenditure and exposure to danger (predators,
injuries, dehydration, hypothermia etc.). Animals typically attempt to maximize food
consumption while minimizing energy expenditure. Food is limited & Foraging exposes
foragers to danger. Many of the nutrients that were in short supply over evolutionary time are
now abundant and relatively cheap. The majority of people can live nowadays with minimal
energy expenditure
Recent food consumption statistics - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- ~2500% increase in sugar
consumption over past 200 years
- ~1500% increase in vegetable oil consumption over past 110 years
- 25% increase in human energy consumption over past 50 years
- Reduction in physical activity over the past 200 years: 30 min reduction in daily physical
activity & 25% decline in metabolic equivalent (MET), which is the ratio of physical activity
metabolic rate over resting metabolic rate
- 40% of the global adult population are overweight or obese
- exponential increase in mortality with weight gain.
- Inadequate diet or exercise caused 63% of premature death in Canada, 2000 also makes
getting COVIS symptoms worse.
Solution to humans eating problems - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Modern humans must learn
to eat less, and exercise more, which is against two of animals' most basic evolved
adaptations
Importance/benefits of exercise - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔• Maintaining energy balance
• Cardiovascular health (keeps blood vessels flexible)
• Physical and mental health (lower rates of some cancers, depression, anxiety)
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