SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition
by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28
,Artificial Intelligence
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wwww 1 Introduction ...
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wwww 2 Intelligent Agents ...
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II Problem-solving
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wwww 3 Solving Problems by Searching ...
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wwww 4 Search in Complex Environments ...
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wwww 5 Adversarial Search and Games ...
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wwww 6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems ...
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III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning
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wwww 7 Logical Agents ...
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wwww 8 First-Order Logic ...
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wwww 9 Inference in First-Order Logic ...
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wwww 10 Knowledge Representation ...
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wwww 11 Automated Planning ...
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IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
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wwww 12 Quantifying Uncertainty ...
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wwww 13 Probabilistic Reasoning ...
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wwww 14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time ...
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wwww 15 Probabilistic Programming ...
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wwww 16 Making Simple Decisions ...
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wwww 17 Making Complex Decisions ...
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wwww 18 Multiagent Decision Making ...
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V Machine Learning
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,wwww 19 Learning from Examples ...
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20 Learning Probabilistic Models ...
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21 Deep Learning ...
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22 Reinforcement Learning ...
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VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting
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23 Natural Language Processing ...
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24 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing ...
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25 Computer Vision ...
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26 Robotics ...
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VII Conclusions
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27 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI ...
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28 The Future of AI
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, EXERCISES w w
1
INTRODUCTION
Notewthatwforwmanywofwthewquestionswinwthiswchapter,wwewgivewreferenceswwherewanswerswc
anwbewfoundwratherwthanwwritingwthemwout—thewfullwanswerswwouldwbewfarwtoowlong.
1.1 What Is AI?
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Exercisew1.1.#DEFA
Definewinwyourwownwwords:w (a)wintelligence,w(b)wartificialwintelligence,w(c)wagent,w(d)wra-
wtionality,w(e)wlogicalwreasoning.
a. Dictionarywdefinitionswofwintelligencewtalkwaboutw“thewcapacitywtowacquirewandwappl
ywknowledge”worw“thewfacultywofwthoughtwandwreason”worw“thewabilitywtowcomprehen
dwandwprofitwfromwexperience.”w Thesewarewallwreasonablewanswers,wbutwifwwewwantw
somethingwquantifiablewwewwouldwusewsomethingwlikew“thewabilitywtowactwsuccessfull
ywacrosswawwidewrangewofwobjectiveswinwcomplexwenvironments.”
b. Wewdefinewartificialwintelligencewaswthewstudywandwconstructionwofwagentwprograms
wthatwperformwwellwinwawgivenwclasswofwenvironments,wforwawgivenwagentwarchitectur
e;wtheywdowthewrightwthing.w Anwimportantwpartwofwthatwiswdealingwwithwthewuncertain
tywofwwhatwthewcurrentwstatewis,wwhatwthewoutcomewofwpossiblewactionswmightwbe,wan
dwwhatwiswitwthatwwewreallywdesire.
c. Wewdefinewanwagentwaswanwentitywthatwtakeswactionwinwresponsewtowperceptswfromwan
wenvi-wronment.
d. Wewdefinewrationalitywaswthewpropertywofwawsystemwwhichwdoeswthew“rightwthing”wg
ivenwwhatwitwknows.w SeewSectionw2.2wforwawmorewcompletewdiscussion.w Thewbasicwc
onceptwiswperfectwrationality;wSectionw??wdescribeswthewimpossibilitywofwachievingwpe
rfectwrational-witywandwproposeswanwalternativewdefinition.
e. Wewdefinewlogicalwreasoningwaswthewawprocesswofwderivingwnewwsentenceswfromwold,w
suchwthatwthewnewwsentenceswarewnecessarilywtruewifwthewoldwoneswarewtrue.w(Noticewth
atwdoeswnotwreferwtowanywspecificwsyntaxworwformalwlanguage,wbutwitwdoeswrequirewaww
ell-definedwnotionwofwtruth.)
Exercisew1.1.#TURI
ReadwTuring’sworiginalwpaperwonwAIw(Turing,w1950).w Inwthewpaper,whewdiscusseswseveral
wobjectionswtowhiswproposedwenterprisewandwhiswtestwforwintelligence.wWhichwobjectionswstillwcar
ry
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ved.