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PNB 2XB3 Questions and Answers | Latest Update 2024/2025
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Neuroscience ~~> study of the neurons and nervous systems how many neurons are in the brain and what is the power of the brain ~~> 100 billion neurons, and it is about 20W how large are neurons ~~> 10 microns Central Nervous System (CNS) ~~> all the parts within bone (spinal ...

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  • September 20, 2024
  • 95
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

Subjects

  • pnb 2xb3 questions and answers latest update 20
  • neuroscience study of the neurons and nervou

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  • PNB 2XB3
  • PNB 2XB3

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1 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+


PNB 2XB3 Questions and Answers |
Latest Update 2024/2025
Neuroscience

✓ ~~> study of the neurons and nervous systems



how many neurons are in the brain and what is the power of the brain

✓ ~~> 100 billion neurons, and it is about 20W



how large are neurons

✓ ~~> 10 microns



Central Nervous System (CNS)

✓ ~~> all the parts within bone (spinal cord, thalamus, brainstem,

cortex...)



Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

✓ ~~> not within bone (peripheral nerves)



brainstem

✓ ~~> includes the medulla, midbrain, and the pons



spine




Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update

, 2 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+

✓ ~~> cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral sections with each

vertebrae numbered - can then be used to classify which parts of the

skin&nerves come from where



Neurons

✓ ~~> cells with an axon that produce action potentials, are enclosed in

a lipid bilayer membrane and contain organelles, but have unique

morphology and they are electrically excitable - action potentials are

not unique to neurons (muscle cells produce them too)



Dendrites

✓ ~~> receive signals/neurotransmitters from neighbouring neurons

(input) - not all neurons have dendrites but most do



Axons

✓ ~~> send the signals to other neurons (output) - axons will often branch

into many pathways, but only one will come off of the cell body



Action potentials

✓ ~~> rapid increases and then decreases of voltage along the action

potential (caused by rapid depolarization to the threshold)



Astrocytes (CNS)




Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update

, 3 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+

✓ ~~> glial cells that maintain ionic environment



oligodendrocites and schwann cells

✓ ~~> glial cell that forms myelin around neurons



Microglia

✓ ~~> glial cells that scavenge cellular debris



Nissl Stain

✓ ~~> piece of neural tissue is treated with a Nissl Stain solution that will

dye the cell bodies of neurons - there are areas of varying density

called cell layers (usually 6)



Nissl stain showed (Nissl)

✓ ~~> Nissl used basic dyes (cresyl violet, thionine) to stain the ER (RNA in

the nucelus) to reveal cell bodies



Nissl stain showed (Broadmann)

✓ ~~> found that different areas of the cerebral cortex had distinct

cytoarchitectonic (density of neurons) appearances (52 cortical areas,

now called broadmann's areas) - evolutionailly older cortex will have

fewer layers




Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update

, 4 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

✓ ~~> aqueous saline solution surrounding neurons that contains sodium,

potassium, chloride, and other ions in solution



neuronal membrane

✓ ~~> impermeable to the movement of ions, but ions can cross by

either ion transporters and ion channels



Ion transporters

✓ ~~> active transporters (enzymes) that use energy to actively move

selected ions against concentration gradients to create ion

concentration gradients



Ion channels

✓ ~~> do not use energy and they allow ions to diffuse down a

concentration gradient and are selectively permeable to only certain

ions



sodium potassium pump




Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update

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