NUR425 Exam 1 Review Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
NUR 425
Institution
NUR 425
What is leadership? Leadership can be defined as influencing others to work together effectively. This definition indicates that leaders do not always have management positions. According to Gardner's (Yoder-Wise, 2003) tasks of leadership include:
envisioning goals action affirming values motivat...
NUR425 Exam 1 Review Questions and
Correct Answers
What is leadership? ✅Leadership can be defined as influencing others to work
together effectively. This definition indicates that leaders do not always have
management positions. According to Gardner's (Yoder-Wise, 2003) tasks of leadership
include:
envisioning goals
action
affirming values
motivating
managing
achieving workable unity
developing trust
explaining
serving as symbol
representing the group
renewing
What is management? ✅Management is also the process of influencing others to
perform effectively, but it is aimed at meeting organizational goals. Management is the
process of getting the work done through others.
Managers are people appointed to positions of authority. Managers serve in a variety of
roles. All managers are charged with several basic responsibilities such as planning,
organizing, directing, and controlling. Effective managers may also be leaders.
What are trait theories? ✅These theories are based upon the idea that leaders
possess specific characteristics that enable them to be a leader. People who do not
have these characteristics cannot be leaders. These characteristics (traits) include:
a) striking physical appearance and personality
b) ability to speak persuasively
c) intelligence
d) self confidence
e) self-discipline
Recent research has found that certain characteristics are commonly identified in
leaders. The most frequently cited characteristics are intelligence and initiative.
What is the great man theory? ✅The idea behind this theory is that certain leaders, like
Napoleon Bonaparte and Genghis Khan, influence events rather than events influencing
the leader. What do you think? Are people in the right place at the right time to become
,great leaders i.e. events make the leader? Or do you believe great leaders determine
the events?
What are behavioral and style theories? ✅These theories focus on what the leader
does. The most commonly cited theory is one by Lewin, Lippit, and White. They
identified what are now considered the three classic leadership styles while studying
groups of teen-age boys who were exposed to two or three different leadership styles.
They found that the leader's behavior could influence the behavior of the group. The
three leadership styles are:
a) Authoritarian (autocratic): The leader exerts strong control over the group. The leader
may be either dictatorial or benevolent. But when he gives orders, he expects them to
be obeyed. Rules are numerous and creativity is firmly discouraged. This leadership
style can create stress for employees.
b) Democratic: The leader encourages and supports group involvement in decision
making. Creativity is encouraged. The leader guides and facilitates the work, but does
dominate the workers.
c) Laissez-faire: The leader is passive and non-directive. Most control and decision
making are left to the group. This style works if the group members are self-directed and
motivated but does not work well if the members are not able to work without some
guidance and direction, such as new graduates.
In the early 1980's a fourth style was added: bureaucratic. The bureaucratic leader
relies on organizational rules and policies to control workers. The leader does not trust
employees and believes they are motivated by external forces such as their salary.
What are contingency theories? ✅Mary Parker Follet, the author of "The Giving of
Orders" (1925), was one of the first to recognize that in each organization there are a
number of contingencies that affect each situation. In other words, in each situation
there are a number of factors that affect the actions of the leader. For example, if you
are the leader-manager of a group of highly skilled and motivated workers, you would
act as a facilitator rather than a supervisor. On the other hand, if you had a group of
new, unskilled workers you would be more directive and authoritarian.
Fiedler's Contingency Theory is a fairly complex theory. But basically Fiedler believed
that leadership effectiveness depends on the relationship between the leader and
followers, the the task at hand, the leader's interpersonal skills, and the favorableness of
the work situation.
Hersey, Blanchard, and Johnson's situational leadership theory is an expansion of
Fiedler's theory. They included the worker's willingness and readiness to perform
specific tasks as another factor that will affect the actions of the leader. They developed
four specific leadership styles to be used by the leader depending on the
, willingness/readiness/ability of the employee See page 48-9 in your text to learn more
about these four styles.
House's Path-Goal Theory proposed that the leader's roles are to remove obstacles
employees encountered when working toward goals, provide coaching, and rewards for
goal achievement. The idea behind the theory is that employees "...work for rewards
they find attractive and that result from successful performance" (Sullivan & Decker,
2005, p. 51).
Vroom-Yetton's Expectancy Theory: The author's identified five leadership styles:
(a)telling; (b)selling; (c) joining; (d) consulting; and (d) delegating.
Quantum Leadership Theory looks at leadership, employees, a
What are transformational theories? ✅Transformational theorists propose the idea that
the leader is able to visualize a dream and share this dream with others. This shared
vision is a vision of the future. The transformational leader is someone who is
committed to a long-term plan (vision) and leads others in the quest to realize this
vision. The leader does this through empowering employees and creating an
atmosphere of trust and creativity. Transformational leaders are generally very likable,
push employees to excel, have goals and like change.
What are management theories? ✅Early industrialist Henri Fayol identified the basic
functions of management: planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. These four
function remain the basic management function even in today's chaotic times. Your
book describes these four functions in detail. Please read this information for a better
understanding of this theory.
What are scientific management theories? ✅Taylor was primarily concerned with
increasing production at the steel plants where he was employed. He proposed the idea
that work efficiency could be achieved by using the scientific principles he developed.
Taylor believed in the use of time and motion studies to promote worker efficiency,
matching workers to their jobs, and paying workers for the amount they produced. The
organization was viewed as a machine. He also put forth the idea that management and
labor have different roles but should cooperate with each other.
This theory is also known as the Traditional Organizational Theory or the classical
theory of management.
How does human relations impact management? ✅The idea that human relations was
an important aspect of management was brought to public attention after the studies of
Elton Mayo and colleagues were published. While attempting to discover the effect of
lighting on production, Mayo and his colleagues found that productivity increased when
attention was paid to workers.
Mayo's research supported the idea that employee-management relations were
influenced by a variety of factors such as differences in employment status, beliefs
about fair or unfair treatment, and the influence of informal employee groups.
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