NUR 376 Patho Final/ 109 Quizzes wit Certified
Ans/ 2024-2025.
Hypervolemia - Answer: Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic
pressure causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia - Answer: High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content
(more salt), in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Osmotic pressure - Answer: The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution,
causes water to shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Page 1 of 27
,Polyuria - Answer: excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Hypovolemia - Answer: Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating
blood volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Hydrostatic pressure - Answer: the force exerted by the blood confined within the
blood vessels or heart chamber.
Isotonic - Answer: No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium. Equal
osmotic pressure. No "tug of war".
Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke.
Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride (NS), lactated ringers (LR)
Use: Rehydrate body, increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA,
HHNS(risk for type 2 diabetes patients)- when blood sugar high
Hypertonic - Answer: HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick,
very salty, more solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell.
Monitor- BP, HTN crisis
Page 2 of 27
, Use for- hypovolemia, heat related, peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis*(draw fluid out
of the body)- Need to give slowly
Ex: 3% sodium chloride, 5% sodium chloride, 10% dextrose in water, 5% dextrose
in 0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in
lactated ringer's (Memory trick-very little fluid inside the cell= very little numbers
before the words)
Hypotonic - Answer: LOW. Lower concentration of solutes or salt then the ICF,
lower osmolarity than body fluids. Fluid drawn into cells causes the body to swell
up.
Monitor- headache, mental status changes, seizures, coma
Use for- Cell dehydration- Give slow to prevent cellular edema &cerebral swelling.
Not for clients with ICP- can lead to seizures or death
Ex: 0.45% sodium chloride, 0.225% sodium chloride, 0.33% sodium chloride, 5%
dextrose in 0.225% saline, 5% dextrose in water (Memory trick- a lot of fluid in the
cell= a lot of numbers)
Potassium - Answer: main INTRACELLULAR electrolyte
3.0-5.0 mEq/L
Involved in conduction of nerve impulses (skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle), acid-
base balance, synthesis of ATP, Osmotic balance & Kidneys ability to concentrate
urine.
Kidney; nephron regulates K+ because of aldosterone (which absorbs sodium and
water) and excretes potassium.
Page 3 of 27
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Benzo. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
