Anxiety a cognitive disorder in which emotion lasts for extended periods of time, different from fear
What pharmacological advances would cause new subtypes of anxiety to be identified? Drugs treated some symptoms of anxiety but not others
First drugs used to treat anxiety Chloral Hydrate, Parald...
BZ tolerance is due to ✅receptor uncoupling, not down regulation
The intended goal for changing substituents of BZs was to ✅change the affinity and
selectivity for subtypes of receptors
The result of changing BZ substituents was ✅changing the rate of metabolism
Second gen sedatives include ✅zaleplon, zolpidem, eszopiclone
Order of half-lives of second gen sedatives (shortest to longest) ✅zaleplon, zolpidem,
eszopiclone
Zolpidem is the first sedative to have ✅selectivity
, Zolpidem Paradox ✅A man awakened from a vegetative state when he was given
zolpidem in order to reduce his restlessness at night
Third gen sedatives ✅Ramelteon
Ramelteon is an agonist at ✅melatonin receptors
Which receptor is not involved in ramelteon that is in other sedatives ✅GABA
receptors
Which receptor type is mostly involved with anxiety? ✅GABA receptors
Antipsychotics ✅drugs that manage psychosis, act on D2 receptors as antagonists
mainly
Mood stabilizers ✅drugs that diminish mood swings
Bipolar I ✅At least one manic episode, usually followed by depression, but not
required
Bipolar II ✅Hypomania (mania but less severe) combined with full depression over an
extended period of time
Cyclothymia ✅Cycling between highs and lows that do not reach criteria for mania or
depression for 2 years or more
What is the "switch" symptom of bipolar disorder ✅the fear that antidepressants will
trigger a manic episode
Given the extra characteristics of bipolar disorder that are very distinct from depression,
why is misdiagnosis of bipolar as depression a problem? ✅Patients do not report the
manic symptoms because they do not see the mania as a problem
Acute, less severe mania is treated with ✅monotherapy
Acute, more severe mania is treated with ✅combination of mood stabilizer and 2nd
gen antipsychotic
Acute, less severe mania + depression is treated with ✅different monotherapy (3rd
gen anticonvulsant)
Acute, more severe mania + depression is treated with ✅an antidepressant and
antipsychotic combined in one pill (Symbyax)
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