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NU 325 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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NU 325 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS NU 325 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS NU 325 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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NU 325 EXAM 3 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITHCOMPLETE SOLUTIONS
PRECORDIUM: Area on the anterior chest overlying the heart/ great vessels,immediately in fron
of heart
PERICARDIUM: - Tough fibrous,, double walled sac that surrounds and protectsthe heart.
It has 2 layers that contain a few milliliters of serous pericardial fluid
Is adherent to the great vessels, esophagus, sternum, and plurae and is anchoredto the diaphragm
PERICARDIAL SAC: Contains pericardial fluid that allows smooth friction-freemovement of the
heart. Surrounds heart.
MYOCARDIUM: Is the muscular wall of the heartIt does the pumping
ENDOCARDIUM: Is the layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface ofthe heart
chambers and valves.
MEDIASTINUM: The heart and great vessels are located between the lungs inthe middle third of
the thoracic cage (mediastinum).
Where and how the heart sets in the chest cavity. Where is the base andapex?: -Upside
down triangle in chest
-Inside the body, the heart is rotated so that its right side is anterior and its left sideis mostly
posterior
Base: top, left sternal border 2nd ICS
Apex: bottom, points down to the left, 5th ICS mid clavicular
Circulation of the heart: Right Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Right Ventricle ->Pulmonic Valve ->
Lungs -> Back into pulmonary veins -> Left Atrium -> Mitral Valve(bicuspid) -> Left Ventricle ->
Aorta -> Body
Know the difference in circulation of a newborn and that of an adult: IN-
FANTS/CHILDREN:
,NU 325 EXAM 3 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Fetal heart begin to beat at the end of 3 weeks' gestation
Lungs are nonfunctional, but fetal circulation compensates for this
02 takes place at the placenta
Arterial blood is returned to the right side of the fetal heart
No point in pumping all freshly oxygenated blood to through lungs so its' reroutedin 2 ways
2/3 of it is shunted through an opening in the atrial septum (foramen ovale) intothe left side of
the heart where it is pumped through the aorta
The rest of the oxygenated blood is pumped by the right side of the heart out through the
pulmonary artery, but is detoured through the (ductus arteriosus) to theaorta
Inflation and aeration of the lungs at birth produces circulatory changes -> blood
is now oxygenated through lungs rather than placenta
Foramen ovale closes within the first hour because of the new lower pressure inthe right side of
the heart than in the left side.
The ductus arteriosus closes usually within 10 to 15 hours after birth
Now, left ventricle has the greater workload of pumping into the systemic circula-tion, so when
the baby has reached 1 year of age, the left ventricle mass increasesto reach the adult ration 2:1
left ventricle to right ventricle.
The heart's position in the chest is more horizontal in the infant than in the adult;thus apex is
higher, located at 4th ICS.
Reaches adult position when child reaches 7 years.
Know the difference in circulation of a newborn and that of an adult: -
ADULT:
Enters right atrium via vena cava, through Tricuspid Valve, then to the right ventricle, goes
, NU 325 EXAM 3 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
through pulmonary valve and out pulmonary arteries, to the lungsfor O2, travels back to the
heart via pulmonary vein, enters left atrium, through bicuspid/mitral valve, then to left ventricle
through aortic valve and out aorta.
Know the valves. Know the structures the valves separate. Know why andwhen the
valves open and close.: Atrioventricular Valves (AV):
2 AV valves separate the atria and ventricles
Right -> (Tricuspid)
Left -> Mitral/Bicuspid
Open during the hearts filling phase (diastole) -> allow ventricles to fill with blood
During pumping phase (systole) -> AV valves close to prevent regurgitation ofblood back into the
atria
Semilunar Valves (SL)
Set between the ventricles and arteries
Each valve has 3 cusps that look like half moons
SL valves include: pulmonic and aortic
Pulmonic -> located on right side
Aortic -> located on the left side
Open during pumping (systole) -> allow blood to be ejected from the heart
Know the difference between systole and diastole.: Diastole: ventricles relaxand fill with
blood, 2/3 of cardiac cycle
Systole: Heart's contraction. Blood pumped from ventricles and fill the pulmonaryand systemic
arteries
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