contraindications - ✔️✔️reasons to not give a drug
legend drugs - ✔️✔️drugs that have the ability to cause serious harm if misused, must be regulated by the
FDA as prescription drugs.
Contain a caution statement "caution federal law restricts the use of this drug to use/by/or on the order
of a licensed veterinarian."
veterinarian client relationship - ✔️✔️vet takes responsibility for making decisions based on need for
treatment and the client agreeing to follow the vets' instructions. Decision must be made with a
sufficient amount of information of the animal.
regimen - ✔️✔️plan for drug administration, printed on medication label
ROUTE: of administration
DOSAGE: amount of drug given
FREQUENCY: how often to give drug
DURATION: how long to give the drug
t.i.d
q.i.d
b.i.d - ✔️✔️three times a day (ter in die)
four times a day (quater in die)
twice a day (bis in die)
,Pharmacokinetics - ✔️✔️complex series of events involving how the body reacts to the movement of
drugs in the body. Occurs after drug administration
Pharmacodynamics - ✔️✔️study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their
mechanism of action in the body.
Routes of Administration (11) - ✔️✔️oral: mouth
intravenous: vein
intramuscular: muscle
subcutaneous: tissue beneath skin
intradermal: skin
intraperitoneal: abdominal cavity
intraarterial: artery
intraarticular: joint
intracardiac: heart
intramedullary: marrow (bone)
epidural/subdural: spine/near spine
nebulizer - ✔️✔️device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment
(to kill small organisms or open lungs)
metered-dose inhaler - ✔️✔️handheld device that produces a medicated spray for inhalation.
anesthetic gases - ✔️✔️gaseous forms given with vaporizers
transdermal (topical) drugs - ✔️✔️drugs placed on the skin (patch) allowing slow absorption over time
concentration gradient - ✔️✔️drugs moving from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration
, Bioavailability - ✔️✔️measures the amount of drug that gets absorbed and is available to patient
water-soluble drugs - ✔️✔️Drugs that dissolve in water and tend to stay in the bloodstream and either
stay free or bond to various proteins (albumin)
lipid-soluble drugs - ✔️✔️drugs absorbed by bodily fats and move out of the bloodstream into the
interstitial space (between organs and tissues)
fat, liver, bone, and kidneys act as storage sites for these drugs.
placenta - ✔️✔️blood brain barrier preventing blood from entering the brain tissues. may also interfere
with the absorption of certain drugs. provides nutrients to fetus.
drug excretion - ✔️✔️the process of eliminating medications, through the liver (bile), kidneys (urine), but
also through mammary glands, sweat, feces, and saliva.
residues - ✔️✔️drugs that will appear in the animal's milk or meat products, can cause allergic reactions
or cause bacteria to become resistant to certain antibiotics. can result in cancer.
efficacy - ✔️✔️degree to which desired effect is achieved
potency - ✔️✔️amount of drug needed to produce desired effect.
represented by a dose-responsive curve
lethal dose (LD50) - ✔️✔️Dose that's lethal to kill 50% of animals given that drug
effective dose (ED50) - ✔️✔️Dose that produced the desired effect in 50% of animals given that drug
therapeutic index - ✔️✔️LD50/ED50
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