NURS 1300 UPDATED Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers Four lobes of the brain ✔✔✔ 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal Wernicke's area ✔✔✔ temporal lobe speech comprehension dominant hemisphere damage leads to RECEPTIVE aphasia Broca's area ✔✔✔ Frontal l obe motor speech dominant hemisphere damage leads to EXPRESSIVE aphasia Frontal Lobe ✔✔✔ personality, behavior, emotions, intellectual function precentral gyrus - voluntary movement Parietal Lobe ✔✔✔ postcentral gyrus - primary center of sensation (pain, touch) Occipital lobe ✔✔✔ primary visual receptor center Temporal lobe -✔✔✔ behind ear primary auditory reception center hearing, taste, smell Central Nervous System (CNS) ✔✔✔ brain and spi nal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ✔✔✔ all nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, all branches carries sensory (afferent) messages to the NS from sensory receptors, motor (efferent) mess ages from the CNS out to muscles and glands autonomic messages that govern the internal organs and blood vessels 4 parts of the PNS ✔✔✔ 1. Reflex Arcs - defense mechanism - involuntary, quick response to prevent pain/damage to system deep tendon: knee jerk superficial - corneal/abdominal reflex visceral - pupillary reflex pathologic - Babinski reflex 2. cranial nerves - LMNs; 12 pairs; mainly supply head and neck, except vagus nerve 3. spinal nerves - 31 pairs (8C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 1Cocc) 4. dermal segmentation - ea. nerve innervates certain segment of body; cutaneous distribution Basal Ganglia ✔✔✔ large bands of gray matter buried deep within the two cerebral hemispheres that form the sub -cortical -associated motor system (the extrapyramidal system) help to initiate and coordinate movement and control automatic associated movements of the body (alternating legs during walking) Thalamus ✔✔✔ relay station for pain where the sensory pathways of the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and bra instem form synapses (sites of contact between two neurons) on way to cortex Hypothalamus ✔✔✔ major respiratory center with basic vital functions (temp, appetite, sex drive, heart rate, blood pressure control, emotional status) sleep center ant and post p ituitary regulator coordinator of ANS activity and stress response Cerebellum ✔✔✔ occipital lobe coiled structure *motor "coordination" of voluntary movements *equilibrium *muscle tone quick coordination of many muscles e.g:playing piano, juggling, swimm ing Brainstem - Midbrain✔✔✔ most anterior, short part of the brainstem that still has the basic tubular structure of the spinal cord merges into thalamus and hypothalamus contains many motor neurons and tracts visual/auditory reflexes Brainstem - Pons✔✔✔ contains ascending and descending motor tracts two respiratory centers (pneumotaxic and apneustic) coordinate with main respiratory center in medulla trigeminal, facial, abducens, part of aucostic nerve Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata ✔✔✔ continuation of spinal cord into brain vital autonomic centers (respiration, heart, GI function) nuclei for cranial nerves (8 -12) pyramidal dessucitation motor/sensory,ANS functions Brainstem ✔✔✔ central core of brain 2 Sensory Pathways of CNS ✔✔✔ Spinoth alamic tract Posterior (dorsal) columns afferent Spinothalamic tract ✔✔✔ sensory fibers 1.pain 2. temperature 3. crude or light touch Posterior (Dorsal Columns) ✔✔✔ position vibration finely localized touch: hold things
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