NR507 UPDATED Test Questions and 100% CORRECT Answers aleolar ventilation perfusion ✔✔✔ The volume of gas expired from alveoli to the outside of the body perm anent pityriasis rosea ✔✔✔ A common skin problem that causes a rash. Occurs at any age that most often in ages of 10 and 35. It may be caused by a virus pityriasis rosea observation ✔✔✔ The rash often begins with a single, round or oval, pink patch that is scaly with a raised border (herald patch). The size of the patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.) to 10 cm (3.9 in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks later, salmon -colored, 1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval patches appear in batches on t he abdomen, chest, back, arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread to the neck but rarely to the face. Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form a "Christmas tree" or "fir tree" appearance. Mild itching is a problem for about half of the peo ple who get the rash. The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to several months. pityriasis rosea diagnosis ✔✔✔ Your doctor will diagnose pityriasis rosea by looking at the rash. Diagnosis can be hard when only the herald patch is visible, because the condition is often mistaken for ringworm or eczema at this time. After the rash appears, diagnosis is generally clear. If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test to make sure the rash is not caused by a fungal infection. A skin sample may be taken from the infected area and examined under the microscope (biopsy). If the diagnosis is un clear in a sexually active person, a test for syphilis is often done. pityriasis rosea treatment ✔✔✔ There is no treatment necessary. It will last for several weeks. The patient may use lotions. A corticosteroid may be used to relieve itching and reduce t he rash Innate immunity ✔✔✔ The natural epithelial barrier that offers resistance. In outer layer specialized epithelium, including the skin and mucosal services, is relatively resistant to most environmental hazards and resistant infection with disease c ausing microorganisms. If the barrier is damaged a highly efficient local and systemic response (inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of the damage, protect against infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue Adaptive immunity ✔✔✔ Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates an adaptive process that results in a long -term and very effective immunity to the infecting microorganism, Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly targets and erad icates a second infection with a particular disease -causing microorganism. The information presented in this chapter introduces Inflammatory response ✔✔✔ Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation (Table 7 -1). Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body's surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the surface barriers are breached, the se cond line of defense, the inflammatory response, is activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing. The inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific, with similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage. Overview of human defenses ✔✔✔ CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY Level of defense First line of defense against infection and tissue injury Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the cells of adaptive immunity Timing of defense Constant Immediat e response Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response; immediate against secondary exposure to antigen Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells, granulo cytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial cells T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells Memory No memory involved No memory involved Specific immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides Defensins, cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins Complement, clotting factors, kinins Antibodies, complement Protection Protection includes anatomic barriers (i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells and se cretory molecules or cytokines (e.g., lysozymes, low pH of stomach and urine), and ciliary activity Protection includes vascular responses, cellular components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages), secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation o f plasma protein systems Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines, and antibodies Inflammatory response upon injury ✔✔✔ Is activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing. Inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage. Types of anemia ✔✔✔ Normochromic, normocytic anemia hypo chromic, microcytic normocytic, macrocytic anemia Normochromic, normocytic anemia (normal MCHC, normal MCV) ✔✔✔ Anemias of chronic disease hemolytic anemias (those characterized by accelerated destruction of RBCs) anemia of acute hemorrhage aplastic anemias (those characterized by disappearance of RBC precursors from the marrow) Hypo chromic, microcytic anemia (low MCHC, below MCV) ✔✔✔ Iron deficiency anemia thalassemias anemia of chronic diseases Normochromic, macrocytic anemia (normal MCHC, high MCV) ✔✔✔ Vitamin B12 deficiency folate deficiency Heartburn ✔✔✔ . Also called acid indigestion, heartburn is a burning pain or discomfort that can move up from your stomach to the middle of your abdomen a nd chest. The pain can also move into your throat. Despite its name, heartburn doesn't affect your heart. Dyspnea ✔✔✔ Difficult or labored breathing
