Vinartmodel

Sabouraud's agar - Fungi Fungal spores - Most fungal spores are asexual. Both coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis are transmitted by inhalation of asexual spores. Conidia = asexual fungal spores (e.g., blastoconidia, athroconidia) Histoplasmosis - Dimorphic fungi that can cause systemic mycosis, endemic to Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Causes pneumonia. In bird or bat droppings. Intracellular (tiny yeast inside macrophages [below]): <img src="158a - Histoplasmosis.JPG" /> ...

what is the best initial thing to do in a patient with a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state - aggressive volume resuscitation - they are generally severely volume depleted then IV insulin *avoid management of hyperkalemia because these guys usually have a total body potassium deficit what can occur in patients with poorly controlled diabetes - hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) or DKA describe Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) - -likely in DM T2 -negative serum ketones (which...

Fetal hydantoin syndrome - D/t use of phenytoin or other anti-epileptic (*valproic acid, carbamazepine*), which can cross the placenta, generating *low folate* and high oxidative metabolites. Results in *cleft lip and palate, wide anterior fontanelle, distal phalange hypoplasia, cardiac anomalies, neural tube defects, microcephaly*, causing developmental delay and poor cognitive outcomes. Of these risks, *neural tube defects* is the *greatest*. Fetal alcohol syndrome - Can present w/ mi...

65 yo F has a 3 month hx of *increasing low back pain*. Had low back pain for past 3 yrs that's been treated w/NSAIDs and codeine. Now rated as 7/10 in severity. Pain radiates to both legs, worsens when walking or standing & Relieved when sitting. 1 YEAR AGO: X ray lumbosacral spine: mild osteoarthritis. Exam: 4/5 mm strength LE, hyporeflexia of knees&ankles b/, unsteady gait b/c of pain. No other abnormalities. Most appropriate diagnostic study of lumbosacral spine to order at this time? - *MR...

Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly, (also high D dimer, CHF without JVD) - Budd-Chiari syndrome Achilles tendon xanthoma - Familial hypercholesterolemia Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC - Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia) Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints - Marfan's (fibrillin defect) Athlete with polycythemia - Erythropoietin injection Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss - Pott's (TB to the vertebrae) Bi...

A 25-year-old man comes to the physician because of persistent, high-pitched ringing noises in his ears. He has also been losing his balance lately. A CT scan of the head shows bilateral tumors involving the vestibulocochlear nerve. Which of the following chromosomes contains the tumor suppressor gene most likely to be involved in this case? 3p 5q 13q 17q 22q - E)22q The patient has bilateral acoustic neuromas, probably due to neurofibromatosis type 2, an autosomal dominant inheri...

Night incontinence without urge = - overflow incontinence (T2DM) Alcoholic cirrhosis AST/ALT, ALkPhos, GGT, bili, PT, albumin - AST/ALT 2:1 (not >500) AlkPhos mildly elevated GGT very elevated bilirubin elevated (conjugated > unconjugated) +/- bandemia, thrombocytopenia increased PT decreased albumin Who gets pneumococcal vaccine? - >65 immune compromised (cirrhosis) HTN emergency medication - nitroprusside hyphema - blood in anterior eye hypopyon - inflammatory ce...

Wide pulse pressure and bounding peripheral pulses - PDA Echo findings in dilated cardiomyopathy - Diffuse hypokalemia and dilation of the ventricles Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy - Viral illness, alcohol, ischemia Tx for life threatening hyperkalemia - Calcium chloride or calcium gluconate X-ray finding doe ankylosing spondylitis - Narrowing or sclerosis of the SI joints Cause of amenorrhea is bleeding occurs after progesterone challenge - Anovulation Treatment for SIADH - ...

12079. Characteristics of a galactocele? - May occur weeks to months after cessation of breastfeeding and is due to ductal blockage with resulting milk accumulation. Exam shows a soft, mobile, nontender mass. Dx is made by US and needle aspiration (also curative). 12289. What might occur by treating pts with right sided HF (possibly due to COPD) with IV furosemide? - This will improve symptoms. However, you will get depletion of intravascular volume from diuresis. This can lead to AKI (BUN/Cr...

patients blood smear shows that he has small hyper chromic red cells, without central pallor. this is called______ and what is another issue they will likely have? - speherocytes gallstones this HIV drug gives people bad dreams, dizzy, poor sleep, anxiety... - Efafirenz abacavir side effect - abacavir someone has urge incontinence. what is initial treatment? - frequent voluntary voiding pt on sumatriptan for migraine, what else should she NOT take - -ergots both are 5-ht agonists, ...