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DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Development of the Respiratory System 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Respiratory Primordium 
•	Primordium is an organ, structure or tissue in the earliest stage of development. 
 
•	At the end of the 4th week IUL, respiratory primordium is indicated by a ventral outgrowth-the laryngo-tracheal groove (narrow cut) 
 
•	It invaginates to form a pouch-like laryngotracheal diverticulum (blind tube), which is located ventral to the caudal part of the foregut 
 
 
 
NB/ Epithelium of the interna...
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- Summary
- • 32 pages •
Development of the Respiratory System 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Respiratory Primordium 
•	Primordium is an organ, structure or tissue in the earliest stage of development. 
 
•	At the end of the 4th week IUL, respiratory primordium is indicated by a ventral outgrowth-the laryngo-tracheal groove (narrow cut) 
 
•	It invaginates to form a pouch-like laryngotracheal diverticulum (blind tube), which is located ventral to the caudal part of the foregut 
 
 
 
NB/ Epithelium of the interna...
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
Development of Cardiovascular System 
 
 
 
•	The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. 
 
•	They are mesodermal in origin with significant contributions made by neural crest cells. 
 
•	Development begins at the middle of the third week, when the embryo is no longer able to satisfy its nutritional requirements by diffusion alone. 
 
•	Progenitor heart cells lie in the epiblast, immediately adjacent to the cranial end of the primitive streak. 
 
•...
- Summary
- • 45 pages •
Development of Cardiovascular System 
 
 
 
•	The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. 
 
•	They are mesodermal in origin with significant contributions made by neural crest cells. 
 
•	Development begins at the middle of the third week, when the embryo is no longer able to satisfy its nutritional requirements by diffusion alone. 
 
•	Progenitor heart cells lie in the epiblast, immediately adjacent to the cranial end of the primitive streak. 
 
•...
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ANATOMY
CARDIOVASCULAR 
SYSTEM 
 
 
Introduction to CVS 
•	CVS is a closed system is the transport system in the body 
 
•	It delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to cells in the body 
 
Components 
1.	The heart 
2.	Blood vessels 
3.	The Blood 
 
The Heart 
•	Heart is a hollow muscular pumping organ 
 
•	Shape- Pyramidal or conical. 
 
•	Measurements- Length 12 cm, Width9 cm in adults 
 
•	Weight-300 g in males; 250...
- Summary
- • 55 pages •
CARDIOVASCULAR 
SYSTEM 
 
 
Introduction to CVS 
•	CVS is a closed system is the transport system in the body 
 
•	It delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to cells in the body 
 
Components 
1.	The heart 
2.	Blood vessels 
3.	The Blood 
 
The Heart 
•	Heart is a hollow muscular pumping organ 
 
•	Shape- Pyramidal or conical. 
 
•	Measurements- Length 12 cm, Width9 cm in adults 
 
•	Weight-300 g in males; 250...
ANATOMY OF THE URETER
URETER 
 
 
Ureter 
 Location and Description 
•	The two ureters are muscular tubes that extend from the kidneys to the posterior surface of the urinary bladder . 
•	The urine is propelled along the ureter by peristaltic contractions of the muscle coat, assisted by the filtration pressure of the glomeruli. 
•	Each ureter measures about 10 in. (25 cm) long , having three constrictions along its course: where the renal pelvis joins the ureter, where it is kinked as it crosses the pe...
- Summary
- • 11 pages •
URETER 
 
 
Ureter 
 Location and Description 
•	The two ureters are muscular tubes that extend from the kidneys to the posterior surface of the urinary bladder . 
•	The urine is propelled along the ureter by peristaltic contractions of the muscle coat, assisted by the filtration pressure of the glomeruli. 
•	Each ureter measures about 10 in. (25 cm) long , having three constrictions along its course: where the renal pelvis joins the ureter, where it is kinked as it crosses the pe...
ANATOMY OF THE THYMUS GLAND
THYMUS 
 
THYMUS GLAND 
•	Located behind/posterior to the manibrium sterni 
•	Thymus gland has two parts:- 
•	The cortex: that has 
 densely packed T-lymphocytes 
•	The thymus is equipped with a blood-thymus barrier, which is restricted to the cortex 
•	Medulla has: 
Less densely parked T-lymphocytes 
It has hassal corpuscles 
It is enclosed by a higly vascularized tissue capsule 
Thymus under low magnification 
Cortex and medulla 
 
The cortex 
• It ...
- Summary
- • 8 pages •
THYMUS 
 
THYMUS GLAND 
•	Located behind/posterior to the manibrium sterni 
•	Thymus gland has two parts:- 
•	The cortex: that has 
 densely packed T-lymphocytes 
•	The thymus is equipped with a blood-thymus barrier, which is restricted to the cortex 
•	Medulla has: 
Less densely parked T-lymphocytes 
It has hassal corpuscles 
It is enclosed by a higly vascularized tissue capsule 
Thymus under low magnification 
Cortex and medulla 
 
The cortex 
• It ...
ANATOMY OF THE THORAX
Anatomy of the Thorax 
 
Thoracic wall 
Layers of the thoracic wall From superficial to deep; 
1.	Skin. 
2.	Superficial fascia. 
3.	Deep fascia. 
5. Bones 4. Muscles. 
5.Blood supply /innervation 
5.	Endothoracic fascia 
6.	Parietal pleura 
 
 
 
1. The Skin 
-Is a thin skin 
-Hair distribution is variable and depends on the age, sex and race 
-Lines of cleavage lies horizontal 
2. Superficial fascia 
-Is more dense on the posterior aspect of the chest to sustain the pressure of the body w...
- Package deal
- Summary
- • 42 pages •
Anatomy of the Thorax 
 
Thoracic wall 
Layers of the thoracic wall From superficial to deep; 
1.	Skin. 
2.	Superficial fascia. 
3.	Deep fascia. 
5. Bones 4. Muscles. 
5.Blood supply /innervation 
5.	Endothoracic fascia 
6.	Parietal pleura 
 
 
 
1. The Skin 
-Is a thin skin 
-Hair distribution is variable and depends on the age, sex and race 
-Lines of cleavage lies horizontal 
2. Superficial fascia 
-Is more dense on the posterior aspect of the chest to sustain the pressure of the body w...
anatomy of the testis
TESTIS 
 
INTRODUCTION 
•	The testis is a male gonad. 
 
•	It is homologous with the ovary in the female. 
 
•	It is a mobile organ and lies in each half of the scrotal sac. 
 
•	The functions of the testis include production of spermatozoa and secretion of testosterone (or dihydrotestosterone), a male hormone, responsible for the development and maintenance of the 
secondary sex characteristics of the mal 
SIZE 
•	It measures approximately 4 X3 X 2.5 cm (length 4 cm,...
- Summary
- • 35 pages •
TESTIS 
 
INTRODUCTION 
•	The testis is a male gonad. 
 
•	It is homologous with the ovary in the female. 
 
•	It is a mobile organ and lies in each half of the scrotal sac. 
 
•	The functions of the testis include production of spermatozoa and secretion of testosterone (or dihydrotestosterone), a male hormone, responsible for the development and maintenance of the 
secondary sex characteristics of the mal 
SIZE 
•	It measures approximately 4 X3 X 2.5 cm (length 4 cm,...
ANATOMY OF THE PERINIUM
PERINEUM 
 
•	The perineum is traversed by 
•	urethra and anal canal in the male, and • urethra, vagina, and anal canal in the female. 
 
•	The surface features of the perineum 
•	in male are penis, scrotum, and anal orifice, 
•	in the female are vulva (female external genitalia) and anal orifice . 
 
•	The median region between vaginal and anal orifices in female, containing perineal body is considered as gynecological perineum. 
 
 Boundaries 
•	The perineu...
- Summary
- • 103 pages •
PERINEUM 
 
•	The perineum is traversed by 
•	urethra and anal canal in the male, and • urethra, vagina, and anal canal in the female. 
 
•	The surface features of the perineum 
•	in male are penis, scrotum, and anal orifice, 
•	in the female are vulva (female external genitalia) and anal orifice . 
 
•	The median region between vaginal and anal orifices in female, containing perineal body is considered as gynecological perineum. 
 
 Boundaries 
•	The perineu...
ANATOMY OF THE PELVIS AND PERINIUM
PELVIC AND PERINEUM 
 
Introduction 
•	The pelvis is the part of the trunk infero-posterior to the abdomen and is the area of transition between the trunk and the lower limbs. 
 
•	The pelvic cavity is the inferior most part of the abdomino pelvic cavity. 
 
•	Anatomically, the pelvis is the part of the body surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis), part of the appendicular skeleton of the lower limb. 
Cont…. 
•	The pelvis is subdivided into greater and lesser pelves....
- Summary
- • 54 pages •
PELVIC AND PERINEUM 
 
Introduction 
•	The pelvis is the part of the trunk infero-posterior to the abdomen and is the area of transition between the trunk and the lower limbs. 
 
•	The pelvic cavity is the inferior most part of the abdomino pelvic cavity. 
 
•	Anatomically, the pelvis is the part of the body surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis), part of the appendicular skeleton of the lower limb. 
Cont…. 
•	The pelvis is subdivided into greater and lesser pelves....
ANATOMY OF THE PANCREASE
ANATOMY OF THE PANCREAS 
 
INTRODUCTION 
•	The pancreas is a soft, finely lobulated, elongated exoendocrine gland. 
•	The exocrine part secretes the pancreatic juice and the endocrine part secretes the hormones like insulin, etc. 
 
•	The pancreatic juice helps in the digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, whereas the pancreatic hormones maintain glucose homeostasis. 
Cont…. 
•	The pancreas lies more or less horizontally on the posterior abdominal wall in the epiga...
- Summary
- • 32 pages •
ANATOMY OF THE PANCREAS 
 
INTRODUCTION 
•	The pancreas is a soft, finely lobulated, elongated exoendocrine gland. 
•	The exocrine part secretes the pancreatic juice and the endocrine part secretes the hormones like insulin, etc. 
 
•	The pancreatic juice helps in the digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, whereas the pancreatic hormones maintain glucose homeostasis. 
Cont…. 
•	The pancreas lies more or less horizontally on the posterior abdominal wall in the epiga...
Driver's Ed: Chapter 7 Test Study Questions and Answers