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Bar Exam, Ethics 2 ALREADY PASSED
A Solicitor v Council of the Law Society of NSW - Facts 
Solicitor committed 4 acts of indecent assault against daughters of partner. Complaint made in relation 
to 2 acts. Solicitor admitted 2 acts and informed police about the other 2 acts. Alleged conduct occurred 
as a result of being made redundant and his father ill health. Immediately sought medical help. Had the 
support of partner, children and medical practitioners. 
I further complaint was made by one of the daughters. After convictio...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 14 pages •
A Solicitor v Council of the Law Society of NSW - Facts 
Solicitor committed 4 acts of indecent assault against daughters of partner. Complaint made in relation 
to 2 acts. Solicitor admitted 2 acts and informed police about the other 2 acts. Alleged conduct occurred 
as a result of being made redundant and his father ill health. Immediately sought medical help. Had the 
support of partner, children and medical practitioners. 
I further complaint was made by one of the daughters. After convictio...
Basic Biochemistry 2024 ALREADY PASSED
Atom - basic unit of matter 
Nucleus - center of atom 
electron - negatively charged particle in electron cloud(atomic number = number of protons) 
proton - positively charged particle at center of atom(atomic number & number of electrons) 
element - pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom. 
isotopes - atoms that differ in the number of neutrons they contain 
radioactive isotopes - nuclei are unstable and break down at a constant rate over time 
compound - substance formed by 2...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 6 pages •
Atom - basic unit of matter 
Nucleus - center of atom 
electron - negatively charged particle in electron cloud(atomic number = number of protons) 
proton - positively charged particle at center of atom(atomic number & number of electrons) 
element - pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom. 
isotopes - atoms that differ in the number of neutrons they contain 
radioactive isotopes - nuclei are unstable and break down at a constant rate over time 
compound - substance formed by 2...
Biochem - 1st Year 2024
All amino acids contain a central carbon, a side chain (R group), an amino group and a __________ 
group. - Carboxyl 
Amino acids can undergo a proton transfer, thus giving both a (+) and (-) charge. This molecular state is 
called the ________. - Zwitterion 
Amino acid that are unable to be synthesised from biochemical pathways within a cell have to be 
consumed through dietary intake. These are called _______ amino acids. - Essential 
When two amino acids join together, they are joined by an a...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 16 pages •
All amino acids contain a central carbon, a side chain (R group), an amino group and a __________ 
group. - Carboxyl 
Amino acids can undergo a proton transfer, thus giving both a (+) and (-) charge. This molecular state is 
called the ________. - Zwitterion 
Amino acid that are unable to be synthesised from biochemical pathways within a cell have to be 
consumed through dietary intake. These are called _______ amino acids. - Essential 
When two amino acids join together, they are joined by an a...
BIOCHEM EXAM QUESTION AND ANSWER ALREADY VERIFIED
In the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase (the first reaction in gluconeogenesis), CO 2 is - 
activated by ATP enegy 
What is the metabolic logic that explains why liver cells contain the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase but 
muscle cells do not? - The reason G-6-P is highly available in the liver is because that is where 
gluconeogenesis (which produces G-6-P) and glycogenolysis take place. glugoneogenesis needs the 
enzyme glucose-6-phosphotate, which is not found in muscle tissue. 
McArd...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 2 pages •
In the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase (the first reaction in gluconeogenesis), CO 2 is - 
activated by ATP enegy 
What is the metabolic logic that explains why liver cells contain the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase but 
muscle cells do not? - The reason G-6-P is highly available in the liver is because that is where 
gluconeogenesis (which produces G-6-P) and glycogenolysis take place. glugoneogenesis needs the 
enzyme glucose-6-phosphotate, which is not found in muscle tissue. 
McArd...
Biochem Mehlman QUESTION AND ANSWER REVISION TEST
High plasma glucose levels (i.e., in diabetes mellitus) 
= high intracellular sorbitol levels. 
What intracellular enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol? 
aldose reductase 
Sorbitol can _________________________________________ 
cause osmotic injury to cells because it leads to greater intracellular retention of water relative to 
glucose, thereby causing cellular swelling 
how to cataracts or neuropathy develop in diabetes 
due to osmotic injury to cells 
nephropathy, retinopathy, and athero...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 55 pages •
High plasma glucose levels (i.e., in diabetes mellitus) 
= high intracellular sorbitol levels. 
What intracellular enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol? 
aldose reductase 
Sorbitol can _________________________________________ 
cause osmotic injury to cells because it leads to greater intracellular retention of water relative to 
glucose, thereby causing cellular swelling 
how to cataracts or neuropathy develop in diabetes 
due to osmotic injury to cells 
nephropathy, retinopathy, and athero...
Biochem organic question and answer revision test passed 100%
organic molecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, 
Protein building block - amino acids 
Carbohydrates - Broken down to glucose to provide energy. 
Carbohydrates building blocks - simple sugars / gluclose 
fats/lipids building blocks - Fatty acids 
Protein food/product - Meats/fish 
Carbohydrates food/product - Breads, veggie , fruit 
Fats food/product - oils, butter , wax 
Substrate - Anything an enzyme works on 
chemical reaction - Any time something breaks down or put together 
Synthesis -...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 2 pages •
organic molecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, 
Protein building block - amino acids 
Carbohydrates - Broken down to glucose to provide energy. 
Carbohydrates building blocks - simple sugars / gluclose 
fats/lipids building blocks - Fatty acids 
Protein food/product - Meats/fish 
Carbohydrates food/product - Breads, veggie , fruit 
Fats food/product - oils, butter , wax 
Substrate - Anything an enzyme works on 
chemical reaction - Any time something breaks down or put together 
Synthesis -...
Biochem QUESTION AND ANSWER VERIFIED 100%
Are molecules with the same molecular formula, which only differ in spatial arrangements - 
Structural isomers 
stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other - enantiomers 
stereoisomers that are not mirror images - diastereomers 
Are stereoisomers that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom - Epimer 
Chiral - carbon with 4 different groups attached 
Aldose groups will have - The c double bond O group on the outside 
Ketose groups will have the c double bond O group - In t...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 2 pages •
Are molecules with the same molecular formula, which only differ in spatial arrangements - 
Structural isomers 
stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other - enantiomers 
stereoisomers that are not mirror images - diastereomers 
Are stereoisomers that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom - Epimer 
Chiral - carbon with 4 different groups attached 
Aldose groups will have - The c double bond O group on the outside 
Ketose groups will have the c double bond O group - In t...
Biochemistry 2024 PASSED EXAM
protein - made up of chains of amino acids 
amino acids - many joined together to form a protein 
enzyme - a protein which speeds up a chemical reaction in cells 
carbohydrates - compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 
carbohydrates - sugar and starch are examples of this group 
monosacharide - monomer of carbohydrates 
starch - a large carbohydrate made by plants molecule also known as a polysaccharide 
cell wall - a structure made of the carbohydrate cellulose 
glycogen - polysaccharide...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 2 pages •
protein - made up of chains of amino acids 
amino acids - many joined together to form a protein 
enzyme - a protein which speeds up a chemical reaction in cells 
carbohydrates - compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 
carbohydrates - sugar and starch are examples of this group 
monosacharide - monomer of carbohydrates 
starch - a large carbohydrate made by plants molecule also known as a polysaccharide 
cell wall - a structure made of the carbohydrate cellulose 
glycogen - polysaccharide...
Biochemistry Enzymes REVISION test already verified 100%
enzymes - important biological catalysts 
Key features: 
lower activation energy 
increase rate of reaction (kinetics) 
do not alter equilibrium constant 
are not changed or consumed in the reaction (appear in both reactants and products) --> far fewer 
enzymes are required relative to overall amount of substrate because one enzyme can act on many 
molecules of substrate over time 
are pH- and temperature sensitive, with optimal activity at specific pH ranges and temperatures 
do not affect o...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 11 pages •
enzymes - important biological catalysts 
Key features: 
lower activation energy 
increase rate of reaction (kinetics) 
do not alter equilibrium constant 
are not changed or consumed in the reaction (appear in both reactants and products) --> far fewer 
enzymes are required relative to overall amount of substrate because one enzyme can act on many 
molecules of substrate over time 
are pH- and temperature sensitive, with optimal activity at specific pH ranges and temperatures 
do not affect o...
BIOCHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION question and answer passed 100%
BIOCHEMISTRY - •chemistry of life processes 
BIOCHEMISTRY - •Study of life at the molecular level 
BIOCHEMISTRY - •Studying the chemical processes of living organisms 
3 primary areas of biochemistry: - 1. Structural and functional biochemistry 
2. Informational biochemistry 
3. Bioenergetics 
1. Structural and functional biochemistry - focuses initially on discovering the chemical structures 
and three-dimensional arrangements of biomolecules (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 4 pages •
BIOCHEMISTRY - •chemistry of life processes 
BIOCHEMISTRY - •Study of life at the molecular level 
BIOCHEMISTRY - •Studying the chemical processes of living organisms 
3 primary areas of biochemistry: - 1. Structural and functional biochemistry 
2. Informational biochemistry 
3. Bioenergetics 
1. Structural and functional biochemistry - focuses initially on discovering the chemical structures 
and three-dimensional arrangements of biomolecules (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids...