exam questions with answer ,class notes

• Distribution in the pharmaceutical context refers to the process of moving medical commodities from manufacturers or wholesalers to various points of use, such as pharmacies, hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities. This process involves seveal key steps: • LIMIRI N. S. Inventory Management • Before distribution can occur, inventory must be managed effectively. This includes tracking stock levels, monitoring expiration dates, and ensuring adequate quantities of...

COMMUNICATION SKILLS Functional writing Functional writing is writing that is meant to fulfill real life purposes, such as: making a request or giving advice, inviting someone for a visit or to a function, applying for something e.t.c. Functional writing includes the writing of business letters, memorandum, notices, agenda, minutes, advertisements, e mail, facsimile and press releases. A. Business letters/ E-mail Functions of a business letter  To provide a convenient and in...

COMMUNITY ACTION CYCLE IN MOBILIZATION Phase 1: Prepare to Mobilize • Form Community Mobilization Technical Assistance Team Phase 2: Organize the Community for Action • Orient community to Community action • Form community mobilization teams at sub-county level • Conduct capacity assessment and training Phase 3: Explore Community Gender Norms • Set Priorities for Change • Community should explore and prioritize activities Phase 4: Plan for Gender Norm • Chan...

COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES Organization of Health Services • History and current trends • Health care providers • Need and demand for health • Population coverage • Levels of health services • Primary health care • Principles of primary health care • Community involvement and intersectoral collaboration • Community-based health care • Health care financing HISTORY AND CURRENT TRENDS IN HEALTH SERVICES Taking care of sick people has been a part of...

Introduction to the Community Strategy • Communities are at the foundation of affordable, equitable and effective health care. The community, in fact, represents level 1 in the Kenya • Essential Package for Health (KEPH) proposed in the second National Health Sector Strategic Plan 2005–2010 (NHSSP II). It is so important to the success of NHSSP II that a specific strategy was developed for rolling out the strategic plan at community level: Taking the Kenya Essential Package for...

COMPATIBILITY TESTING • As the knowledge of new blood group system increased, so did the search for more sensitive pre-transfusion compatibility testing methods. Pioneer blood bankers mixed the patient’s serum and the donor’s red cells and observed for direct red blood cells lysis, agglutination, or both. This became known as the major cross-match test. • The term compatibility test and cross-match are some times used interchangeably, they should be clearly differ...

Notes on Medical Microbiology for Nursing Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................vii Preface .............................................................................................................ix Acknowledgement ............................................................................................xi Syllabus ......................................................................................

Pathogenic Anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli Corynebacteria (Genus Corynebacterium)  Corynbacteria/”corynform bacteria” are non-spore forming, gram positive bacilli that tends to be clubbed or irregularly shaped (coryne=club).  They are non-motile and it has a club shaped swelling at one or both ends, hence the name.  Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic  Small, pleomorphic (club-shaped), gram-positive bacilli that appear in short chains (“V” or “Y” confi...

CORYNEBACTERIA Morphology • Are gram positive bacilli • Have some swellings/ club shaped at the end • Polymorphic show variation in shape and size. Some are so short, others large • Stain irregularly due to the nature of their cell wall • They do not form spores • Do not have capsules, non motile • Facultative anaerobes • Several species Corynebacteria diphtheria This is the main pathogenic species in human • Collectively known as diptheroids or corynefor...

CROSS-MATCHING (Compatibility testing)  This is a laboratory procedure to determine serological compatibility between a blood donor and an intended recipient before blood is transfused.  Unknown serum is tested with known red cells in vitro to detect antibodies.  Negative results are always taken to indicate compatibility while positive results indicate incompatibility. Types of cross-match. (1)Major cross-match  In this procedure, the recipient serum is sampled against...