exam questions with answer ,class notes
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CELL ADAPTATIONS
CELL ADAPTATIONS 
 CELL INJURY 
 CELL DEATH 
OBJECTIVES 
 Understand the 3 main anatomic concepts of 
disease---Degenerative, Inflammatory, 
Neoplastic 
 Understand the concepts of cellular growth 
adaptations---Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, 
Atrophy, Metaplasia 
 Understand the factors of cell injury and 
death---O2, Physical, Chemical, Infection, 
Immunologic, Genetic, Nutritional 
OBJECTIVES 
 Understand the pathologic mechanisms at 
the SUB-cellular level---ATP, 
Mitochondria, Ca++, ...
- Class notes
- • 66 pages •
CELL ADAPTATIONS 
 CELL INJURY 
 CELL DEATH 
OBJECTIVES 
 Understand the 3 main anatomic concepts of 
disease---Degenerative, Inflammatory, 
Neoplastic 
 Understand the concepts of cellular growth 
adaptations---Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, 
Atrophy, Metaplasia 
 Understand the factors of cell injury and 
death---O2, Physical, Chemical, Infection, 
Immunologic, Genetic, Nutritional 
OBJECTIVES 
 Understand the pathologic mechanisms at 
the SUB-cellular level---ATP, 
Mitochondria, Ca++, ...
CELL PHYSIOLOGY
CELL 
PHYSIOLOGY 
 A.N Malik 
Thursday, September 26, 
2024 
 Overview 
 Functional organization of the body 
 A.N Malik 
 2 
Levels of organization (cell to organism) 
 Thursday, September 26, 
2024 
 A.N Malik 
 3 
Overview 
• Human physiology: study of the bodily functions of human beings 
 • Cells: a cell is the fundamental functional unit of life in which physiological processes happen. 
This processes happen within the intracellular fluid(ICF). 
 • Extracellular fluid (ECF)“in...
- Case
- • 127 pages •
CELL 
PHYSIOLOGY 
 A.N Malik 
Thursday, September 26, 
2024 
 Overview 
 Functional organization of the body 
 A.N Malik 
 2 
Levels of organization (cell to organism) 
 Thursday, September 26, 
2024 
 A.N Malik 
 3 
Overview 
• Human physiology: study of the bodily functions of human beings 
 • Cells: a cell is the fundamental functional unit of life in which physiological processes happen. 
This processes happen within the intracellular fluid(ICF). 
 • Extracellular fluid (ECF)“in...
Cells of the nervous system
Cells of the nervous system 
Broadly categorized into: 
Neurons 
Neuroglial cells 
Neurons 
• A neuron is the basic structural and 
functional unit of the NS. 
 • Clustered in: 
 • Columns or layers 
 • Nuclei 
 • Dispersed within gray matter 
 • Regardless of location, all central neurons 
share the general features (ganglionic 
neurons have some unique features) 
 A.N Malik, Department of Human Anatomy, JKUAT 
 3 
 9/26/2024 
General structure of a neuron 
 A.N Malik, Departm...
- Class notes
- • 19 pages •
Cells of the nervous system 
Broadly categorized into: 
Neurons 
Neuroglial cells 
Neurons 
• A neuron is the basic structural and 
functional unit of the NS. 
 • Clustered in: 
 • Columns or layers 
 • Nuclei 
 • Dispersed within gray matter 
 • Regardless of location, all central neurons 
share the general features (ganglionic 
neurons have some unique features) 
 A.N Malik, Department of Human Anatomy, JKUAT 
 3 
 9/26/2024 
General structure of a neuron 
 A.N Malik, Departm...
EPIDEMIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY 
+ 
 Epidemiology is the study of the 
distribution and determinants of health 
related states or events (including 
disease), and the application of this study 
to the control of diseases and other 
health problems. - WHO 
+ 
 Epidemiology 
 noun ep·i·de·mi·ol·o·gy ˌe-pə-ˌdē-mē-ˈä-lə-jē, 
ˌde-mē- 
 medical : the study of how disease spreads and 
can be controlled.- Merriam-Webster Dictionary 
+ 
 The Chain of Infection 
 Infection can only s...
- Class notes
- • 36 pages •
EPIDEMIOLOGY 
+ 
 Epidemiology is the study of the 
distribution and determinants of health 
related states or events (including 
disease), and the application of this study 
to the control of diseases and other 
health problems. - WHO 
+ 
 Epidemiology 
 noun ep·i·de·mi·ol·o·gy ˌe-pə-ˌdē-mē-ˈä-lə-jē, 
ˌde-mē- 
 medical : the study of how disease spreads and 
can be controlled.- Merriam-Webster Dictionary 
+ 
 The Chain of Infection 
 Infection can only s...
DYNAMICS OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION
DYNAMICS OF DISEASE 
TRANSMISSION 
 
2 
1st - The Infectious Agent-any disease-causing 
microorganism 
(pathogen) 
 Infectivity 
 Pathogenicity 
 3 
 Virulence 
2nd: Source or Reservoir 
 • The starting point for the occurrence of a communicable 
disease 
 • Source of infection : 
• the person, animal, object or substance from which an 
infectious agent passes or is disseminated to the host 
(immediate source) 
 • RESERVOIR: 
• “any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, ...
- Class notes
- • 59 pages •
DYNAMICS OF DISEASE 
TRANSMISSION 
 
2 
1st - The Infectious Agent-any disease-causing 
microorganism 
(pathogen) 
 Infectivity 
 Pathogenicity 
 3 
 Virulence 
2nd: Source or Reservoir 
 • The starting point for the occurrence of a communicable 
disease 
 • Source of infection : 
• the person, animal, object or substance from which an 
infectious agent passes or is disseminated to the host 
(immediate source) 
 • RESERVOIR: 
• “any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, ...
Chapter 03: Theories and Therapies Varcarolis: Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: A Communication Approach to Evidence-Based Care, 4th Edition
Chapter 03: Theories and Therapies 
Varcarolis: Essentials of Psychiatric 
Mental Health Nursing: A Communication 
Approach to Evidence-Based Care, 4th 
Edition 
 
 
 
 
A 26-month-old child displays negative behaviors. The parent 
says, "My child refuses toilet 
training and shouts, 'No!' when given direction. What do you 
think is wrong?" Select the 
nurse's best reply. 
a. "This is normal for your child's age. The child is striving for 
independence." 
...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 18 pages •
Chapter 03: Theories and Therapies 
Varcarolis: Essentials of Psychiatric 
Mental Health Nursing: A Communication 
Approach to Evidence-Based Care, 4th 
Edition 
 
 
 
 
A 26-month-old child displays negative behaviors. The parent 
says, "My child refuses toilet 
training and shouts, 'No!' when given direction. What do you 
think is wrong?" Select the 
nurse's best reply. 
a. "This is normal for your child's age. The child is striving for 
independence." 
...
Chapter 4: Common Reproductive Issues Questions And Verified Answers 100% Guaranteed Graded A
Chapter 4: Common Reproductive Issues 
Questions And Verified Answers 100% 
Guaranteed Graded A 
 
 
 
A young couple is exploring their contraceptive options 
and are curious about using an intrauterine contraceptive 
device. As their nurse you explain there are two types, 
one which uses hormones and the other one uses: 
a. Copper 
b. Potassium 
c. Silicone 
d. Magnesium - ANSWER>>>a. Copper 
 
(Rationale: The ParaGard-TCu-380A is approved for 10 
years and is nonhorm...
- Class notes
- • 17 pages •
Chapter 4: Common Reproductive Issues 
Questions And Verified Answers 100% 
Guaranteed Graded A 
 
 
 
A young couple is exploring their contraceptive options 
and are curious about using an intrauterine contraceptive 
device. As their nurse you explain there are two types, 
one which uses hormones and the other one uses: 
a. Copper 
b. Potassium 
c. Silicone 
d. Magnesium - ANSWER>>>a. Copper 
 
(Rationale: The ParaGard-TCu-380A is approved for 10 
years and is nonhorm...
Cholesterol	Metabolism
Cholesterol	Metabolism
- Class notes
- • 30 pages •
Cholesterol	Metabolism
Chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation 
 This is an inflammatory cellular response that may 
have an immunological basis attended by fibroblastic 
reaction. 
 Considered to be of prolonged duration. (months to 
years) and commonly follows acute inflammation but 
may start by it self especially when causative 
organisms are of low grade virulence or the basis of the 
injury is an antigen-antibody reaction e.g Rheumatic 
fever & rheumatoid arthritis. 
 Characterised by: 
 1) Continued active inflamm...
- Class notes
- • 21 pages •
Chronic inflammation 
 This is an inflammatory cellular response that may 
have an immunological basis attended by fibroblastic 
reaction. 
 Considered to be of prolonged duration. (months to 
years) and commonly follows acute inflammation but 
may start by it self especially when causative 
organisms are of low grade virulence or the basis of the 
injury is an antigen-antibody reaction e.g Rheumatic 
fever & rheumatoid arthritis. 
 Characterised by: 
 1) Continued active inflamm...
Classification of Diseases
Diseases can be classified in different 
ways. 
 The broad classification is: 
 Infectious diseases: Can be spread from 
one host to another. 
 II. 
 Non-infectious diseases: Cannot be 
spread. 
The above classification is to do with the 
tendency to spread. 
There are numerous modes of spread that 
include: 
1. Through contact. 
 2. Inhalation 
 3. Exchange of body fluids (blood, 
mucous, semen, vaginal secretions, 
saliva, pus and joint aspirates) 
 4. Through eating infected fo...
- Class notes
- • 7 pages •
Diseases can be classified in different 
ways. 
 The broad classification is: 
 Infectious diseases: Can be spread from 
one host to another. 
 II. 
 Non-infectious diseases: Cannot be 
spread. 
The above classification is to do with the 
tendency to spread. 
There are numerous modes of spread that 
include: 
1. Through contact. 
 2. Inhalation 
 3. Exchange of body fluids (blood, 
mucous, semen, vaginal secretions, 
saliva, pus and joint aspirates) 
 4. Through eating infected fo...