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Antimicrobial agents Introduction • antibiotics- are natural substances produced by certain groups of microorganisms • chemotherapeutic agents - are chemically synthesized. • A hybrid substance is a semisynthetic antibiotic, wherein a molecular ver
Antimicrobial agents 
Introduction 
 • antibiotics- are natural substances produced by 
certain groups of microorganisms 
• chemotherapeutic agents - are chemically 
synthesized. 
• A hybrid substance is a semisynthetic antibiotic, 
wherein a molecular version produced by the 
microbe is subsequently modified by the chemist to 
achieve desired properties 
 • The modern era of antimicrobial chemotherapy 
began in 1929, with Fleming's discovery of the 
powerful bactericidal su...
- Class notes
- • 15 pages •
Antimicrobial agents 
Introduction 
 • antibiotics- are natural substances produced by 
certain groups of microorganisms 
• chemotherapeutic agents - are chemically 
synthesized. 
• A hybrid substance is a semisynthetic antibiotic, 
wherein a molecular version produced by the 
microbe is subsequently modified by the chemist to 
achieve desired properties 
 • The modern era of antimicrobial chemotherapy 
began in 1929, with Fleming's discovery of the 
powerful bactericidal su...
THE FOETAL SKULL The foetal skull contains a delicate brain, which may be subjected to great pressures as the head passes through the birth canal The landmarks of the skull are described as: • The vault, which lies between the orbital ridges and the n
THE FOETAL SKULL 
 The foetal skull contains a delicate brain, which may be subjected to great 
pressures as the head passes through the birth canal 
 The landmarks of the skull are described as: 
• The vault, which lies between the orbital ridges and the nape of the 
neck- bones are thin and pliable so as to allow for alterations of the 
skull at birth, composed of the 
occipital bone, 
two parietal bones and 
two frontal bones. 
 
LANDMARKS CONT….PARTS 
 The base -comprised of f...
- Class notes
- • 22 pages •
THE FOETAL SKULL 
 The foetal skull contains a delicate brain, which may be subjected to great 
pressures as the head passes through the birth canal 
 The landmarks of the skull are described as: 
• The vault, which lies between the orbital ridges and the nape of the 
neck- bones are thin and pliable so as to allow for alterations of the 
skull at birth, composed of the 
occipital bone, 
two parietal bones and 
two frontal bones. 
 
LANDMARKS CONT….PARTS 
 The base -comprised of f...
Drugs and the autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system regulates the body’s involuntary functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and digestion. It works through a balance of its two main components, the sympathetic and parasymp
Drugs and the autonomic 
 nervous system 
 The autonomic nervous system regulates the body’s involuntary 
functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and digestion. It works 
through a balance of its two main components, the sympathetic and 
parasympathetic nervous systems. Types of drugs used to treat 
disorders of the autonomic nervous system include: 
 • cholinergic drugs 
 • anticholinergic drugs 
 • adrenergic drugs 
 • adrenergic blocking drugs. 
Cholinergic drugs 
 Ch...
- Class notes
- • 35 pages •
Drugs and the autonomic 
 nervous system 
 The autonomic nervous system regulates the body’s involuntary 
functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and digestion. It works 
through a balance of its two main components, the sympathetic and 
parasympathetic nervous systems. Types of drugs used to treat 
disorders of the autonomic nervous system include: 
 • cholinergic drugs 
 • anticholinergic drugs 
 • adrenergic drugs 
 • adrenergic blocking drugs. 
Cholinergic drugs 
 Ch...
Cleavage Cell Division – Cell Cycle Control Morula– Compaction Blastocyst– Hatching Implantation – Decidual Reaction Early Cell Lineages Inner Cell Mass Trophoblasts (Extra-embryonic) Anomalies Cleavage Cleavage Blastomere Equal Asynchronous
Cleavage 
 Cell Division – Cell Cycle Control 
Morula– Compaction 
 Blastocyst– Hatching 
 Implantation – Decidual Reaction 
 Early Cell Lineages 
 Inner Cell Mass 
 Trophoblasts (Extra-embryonic) 
 Anomalies 
Cleavage 
Cleavage 
 Blastomere 
 Equal 
 Asynchronous 
 40 hours – 4 cells 
 72 hours – 6-12 cells 
 96 hours – 16-32 cells 
Cleavage – Molecular Events 
 In mammals – no large maternal stores of RNA 
and ribosomes 
 Zygotic transcription begins by 2-4 cell stage 
 Oc...
- Class notes
- • 60 pages •
Cleavage 
 Cell Division – Cell Cycle Control 
Morula– Compaction 
 Blastocyst– Hatching 
 Implantation – Decidual Reaction 
 Early Cell Lineages 
 Inner Cell Mass 
 Trophoblasts (Extra-embryonic) 
 Anomalies 
Cleavage 
Cleavage 
 Blastomere 
 Equal 
 Asynchronous 
 40 hours – 4 cells 
 72 hours – 6-12 cells 
 96 hours – 16-32 cells 
Cleavage – Molecular Events 
 In mammals – no large maternal stores of RNA 
and ribosomes 
 Zygotic transcription begins by 2-4 cell stage 
 Oc...
MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION Dr Leslie Stephan 2013 What is mental state examination? An attempt at an objective assessment of the current state of the person’s mind A cross-sectional assessment of the person at a particular point in time mental stat
MENTAL STATE 
EXAMINATION 
 Dr Leslie Stephan 2013 
What is mental state examination? 
 An attempt at an 
objective assessment 
of the current state of the person’s 
mind 
 A cross-sectional assessment of the 
person at a particular point in time 
mental state can change quickly 
 An act of OBSERVATION 
 2 
All we can do is infer the state of the 
mind by observing the way the person 
looks and acts, as well as from what 
they say : thus we note what we 
 see 
 hear 
 smell 
 (we do n...
- Class notes
- • 47 pages •
MENTAL STATE 
EXAMINATION 
 Dr Leslie Stephan 2013 
What is mental state examination? 
 An attempt at an 
objective assessment 
of the current state of the person’s 
mind 
 A cross-sectional assessment of the 
person at a particular point in time 
mental state can change quickly 
 An act of OBSERVATION 
 2 
All we can do is infer the state of the 
mind by observing the way the person 
looks and acts, as well as from what 
they say : thus we note what we 
 see 
 hear 
 smell 
 (we do n...
TYPES OF RESEARCH. Basic research. • This is the research conducted for the sake of generating and expanding knowledge. • Such a research attempts to explain and describe the status of things. • It does not focus on the application of the new knowl
TYPES OF RESEARCH. 
 Basic research. 
 • This is the research conducted for the sake of 
generating and expanding knowledge. 
 • Such a research attempts to explain and describe 
the status of things. 
 • It does not focus on the application of the new 
knowledge to a specific problem or situation. 
 • However knowledge gained can be used to refine 
existing theories 
Applied research. 
 • Thais is the research conducted so that knowledge 
obtained can be used to solve a specifi...
- Class notes
- • 17 pages •
TYPES OF RESEARCH. 
 Basic research. 
 • This is the research conducted for the sake of 
generating and expanding knowledge. 
 • Such a research attempts to explain and describe 
the status of things. 
 • It does not focus on the application of the new 
knowledge to a specific problem or situation. 
 • However knowledge gained can be used to refine 
existing theories 
Applied research. 
 • Thais is the research conducted so that knowledge 
obtained can be used to solve a specifi...
Normal Flora
Normal Flora 
NORMAL FLORA: INTRODUCTION 
 • Normal flora is the term used to describe the various 
bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents of 
certain body sites, especially the skin, oropharynx, 
colon, and vagina. The viruses and parasites, which are 
the two other major groups of microorganisms, are 
usually not considered members of the normal flora, 
although they can be present in asymptomatic 
individuals. The members of the normal flora vary in 
both number and kind fr...
- Class notes
- • 13 pages •
Normal Flora 
NORMAL FLORA: INTRODUCTION 
 • Normal flora is the term used to describe the various 
bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents of 
certain body sites, especially the skin, oropharynx, 
colon, and vagina. The viruses and parasites, which are 
the two other major groups of microorganisms, are 
usually not considered members of the normal flora, 
although they can be present in asymptomatic 
individuals. The members of the normal flora vary in 
both number and kind fr...
THE FEMALE PELVIS
THE FEMALE PELVIS 
 Functions 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 4. 
 Allows movement-walking and running 
 Permits one to sit and kneel, supports spinal column 
 Adapted for childbearing. Forms a bony passage 
through which fetus passes 
 Contains and protects reproductive organs. 
 NB: Normal female pelvis should give no 
difficulties in childbirth provided fetus is of 
normal size 
PELVIS 
 Bony pelvis 
 os Ilium 
髂骨 
os coccyx 
尾骨 
os ischium 
 os sacrum 
 os pubis 
 
PELVIC BONE. 
 They are ...
- Class notes
- • 76 pages •
THE FEMALE PELVIS 
 Functions 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 4. 
 Allows movement-walking and running 
 Permits one to sit and kneel, supports spinal column 
 Adapted for childbearing. Forms a bony passage 
through which fetus passes 
 Contains and protects reproductive organs. 
 NB: Normal female pelvis should give no 
difficulties in childbirth provided fetus is of 
normal size 
PELVIS 
 Bony pelvis 
 os Ilium 
髂骨 
os coccyx 
尾骨 
os ischium 
 os sacrum 
 os pubis 
 
PELVIC BONE. 
 They are ...
The Nervous System
The Nervous System 
 The Nervous system is the master 
 controlling and communicating system of 
 the body. 
 The Nervous system controls and 
coordinates all essential functions of the 
human body. 
Functions of Nervous System 
 Sensory Function: Nervous system uses its millions of 
 sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside 
 and outside the body. Those changes are called stimuli and 
 gathered information is called sensory input. 
 Integrative Function: The ...
- Class notes
- • 33 pages •
The Nervous System 
 The Nervous system is the master 
 controlling and communicating system of 
 the body. 
 The Nervous system controls and 
coordinates all essential functions of the 
human body. 
Functions of Nervous System 
 Sensory Function: Nervous system uses its millions of 
 sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside 
 and outside the body. Those changes are called stimuli and 
 gathered information is called sensory input. 
 Integrative Function: The ...
SKILLS LABORATORY METHODOLOGY
GENERAL EXAMINATION 
STEPS / SCHEMA: 
 I. General Observation clinical 
symptoms 
 II.General examination clinical 
signs 
 III.General examination vital 
signs 
2 
 . Systemic examination: 
 I. Cardivascular system (CVS) 
examination 
 II. Respiratory syatem (RS) examination 
 III. Gastrointestinal system (GIT) 
examination 
 IV.Genito-urinary (GUT) 
 V. Centra nervous system (CNS) 
examination 
 VI.Etc---- 
Remember… 
 If A FARMER IS 
WITHOUT A JEMBE, IS A 
NO A FARMER , BUT A 
TOU...
- Class notes
- • 518 pages •
GENERAL EXAMINATION 
STEPS / SCHEMA: 
 I. General Observation clinical 
symptoms 
 II.General examination clinical 
signs 
 III.General examination vital 
signs 
2 
 . Systemic examination: 
 I. Cardivascular system (CVS) 
examination 
 II. Respiratory syatem (RS) examination 
 III. Gastrointestinal system (GIT) 
examination 
 IV.Genito-urinary (GUT) 
 V. Centra nervous system (CNS) 
examination 
 VI.Etc---- 
Remember… 
 If A FARMER IS 
WITHOUT A JEMBE, IS A 
NO A FARMER , BUT A 
TOU...