exam questions with answer ,class notes

Antimicrobial agents Introduction • antibiotics- are natural substances produced by certain groups of microorganisms • chemotherapeutic agents - are chemically synthesized. • A hybrid substance is a semisynthetic antibiotic, wherein a molecular version produced by the microbe is subsequently modified by the chemist to achieve desired properties • The modern era of antimicrobial chemotherapy began in 1929, with Fleming's discovery of the powerful bactericidal su...

THE FOETAL SKULL The foetal skull contains a delicate brain, which may be subjected to great pressures as the head passes through the birth canal The landmarks of the skull are described as: • The vault, which lies between the orbital ridges and the nape of the neck- bones are thin and pliable so as to allow for alterations of the skull at birth, composed of the occipital bone, two parietal bones and two frontal bones. LANDMARKS CONT….PARTS  The base -comprised of f...

Drugs and the autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system regulates the body’s involuntary functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and digestion. It works through a balance of its two main components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Types of drugs used to treat disorders of the autonomic nervous system include: • cholinergic drugs • anticholinergic drugs • adrenergic drugs • adrenergic blocking drugs. Cholinergic drugs Ch...

Cleavage Cell Division – Cell Cycle Control Morula– Compaction Blastocyst– Hatching Implantation – Decidual Reaction Early Cell Lineages Inner Cell Mass Trophoblasts (Extra-embryonic) Anomalies Cleavage Cleavage Blastomere Equal Asynchronous 40 hours – 4 cells 72 hours – 6-12 cells 96 hours – 16-32 cells Cleavage – Molecular Events In mammals – no large maternal stores of RNA and ribosomes Zygotic transcription begins by 2-4 cell stage Oc...

MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION Dr Leslie Stephan 2013 What is mental state examination? An attempt at an objective assessment of the current state of the person’s mind A cross-sectional assessment of the person at a particular point in time mental state can change quickly An act of OBSERVATION 2 All we can do is infer the state of the mind by observing the way the person looks and acts, as well as from what they say : thus we note what we see hear smell (we do n...

TYPES OF RESEARCH. Basic research. • This is the research conducted for the sake of generating and expanding knowledge. • Such a research attempts to explain and describe the status of things. • It does not focus on the application of the new knowledge to a specific problem or situation. • However knowledge gained can be used to refine existing theories Applied research. • Thais is the research conducted so that knowledge obtained can be used to solve a specifi...

Normal Flora NORMAL FLORA: INTRODUCTION • Normal flora is the term used to describe the various bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents of certain body sites, especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and vagina. The viruses and parasites, which are the two other major groups of microorganisms, are usually not considered members of the normal flora, although they can be present in asymptomatic individuals. The members of the normal flora vary in both number and kind fr...

THE FEMALE PELVIS Functions 1. 2. 3. 4. Allows movement-walking and running Permits one to sit and kneel, supports spinal column Adapted for childbearing. Forms a bony passage through which fetus passes Contains and protects reproductive organs. NB: Normal female pelvis should give no difficulties in childbirth provided fetus is of normal size PELVIS  Bony pelvis os Ilium 髂骨 os coccyx 尾骨 os ischium os sacrum os pubis PELVIC BONE. They are ...

The Nervous System  The Nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body.  The Nervous system controls and coordinates all essential functions of the human body. Functions of Nervous System  Sensory Function: Nervous system uses its millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body. Those changes are called stimuli and gathered information is called sensory input.  Integrative Function: The ...

GENERAL EXAMINATION STEPS / SCHEMA: I. General Observation clinical symptoms II.General examination clinical signs III.General examination vital signs 2 . Systemic examination: I. Cardivascular system (CVS) examination II. Respiratory syatem (RS) examination III. Gastrointestinal system (GIT) examination IV.Genito-urinary (GUT) V. Centra nervous system (CNS) examination VI.Etc---- Remember… If A FARMER IS WITHOUT A JEMBE, IS A NO A FARMER , BUT A TOU...