exam questions with answer ,class notes
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The mental status examination( MSE)
The mental status examination( MSE) 
 MSE is a cross-sectional, systemic documentation of 
the quality of mental functioning at the time of 
interview. 
 It serves as a baseline for future comparison and to 
follow the progress of the patient. 
Outlines of MSE 
 Appearance , Behaviour & Attitude (Cooperativeness) 
 Speech 
 Mood & Affect 
 Thoughts 
 Perceptions 
 Cognitive functions 
 Consciousness level 
 orientation(time, place, person) 
 atten...
- Class notes
- • 21 pages •
The mental status examination( MSE) 
 MSE is a cross-sectional, systemic documentation of 
the quality of mental functioning at the time of 
interview. 
 It serves as a baseline for future comparison and to 
follow the progress of the patient. 
Outlines of MSE 
 Appearance , Behaviour & Attitude (Cooperativeness) 
 Speech 
 Mood & Affect 
 Thoughts 
 Perceptions 
 Cognitive functions 
 Consciousness level 
 orientation(time, place, person) 
 atten...
Surface Anatomy
Surface 
Anatomy 
 13 
398 
 Chapter Thirteen Surface Anatomy 
 I magine this scenario: An unconscious patient has been brought 
to the emergency room. Although the patient cannot tell the ER 
physician what is wrong or “where it hurts,” the doctor can assess 
some of the injuries by observing surface anatomy, including: 
 ■ Locating pulse points to determine the patient’s heart rate and 
pulse strength 
 ■ Palpating the bones under the skin to determine if a 
fracture has occurr...
- Class notes
- • 18 pages •
Surface 
Anatomy 
 13 
398 
 Chapter Thirteen Surface Anatomy 
 I magine this scenario: An unconscious patient has been brought 
to the emergency room. Although the patient cannot tell the ER 
physician what is wrong or “where it hurts,” the doctor can assess 
some of the injuries by observing surface anatomy, including: 
 ■ Locating pulse points to determine the patient’s heart rate and 
pulse strength 
 ■ Palpating the bones under the skin to determine if a 
fracture has occurr...
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DRUGS
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND 
THERAPEUTICS 
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DRUGS 
Drugs and the endocrine system 
 The endocrine system consists of glands, which are specialized cell clusters, and 
hormones, the chemical transmitters secreted by the glands in response to 
stimulation. 
 A delicate balance 
 Together with the central nervous system, the endocrine system regulates and 
integrates the body’s metabolic activities and maintains homeostasis (the body’s 
internal equilibrium). 
The drug typ...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 36 pages •
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND 
THERAPEUTICS 
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DRUGS 
Drugs and the endocrine system 
 The endocrine system consists of glands, which are specialized cell clusters, and 
hormones, the chemical transmitters secreted by the glands in response to 
stimulation. 
 A delicate balance 
 Together with the central nervous system, the endocrine system regulates and 
integrates the body’s metabolic activities and maintains homeostasis (the body’s 
internal equilibrium). 
The drug typ...
)What is Normal Flora ?
)What is Normal Flora ? 
These are mixture of microorganisms 
regularly found at any anatomical site on 
/within the body of a healthy person. 
Some of these microorganisms are found in 
association with humans / animals only. 
Others are found in the environment as well. 
Normal flora types 
Resident vs. Transient 
Resident populations 
(normal flora, microbiota, indigenous 
microbial population, microflora, 
microbial flora) 
Vast majority of normal flora are 
bacteria. 
I...
- Class notes
- • 50 pages •
)What is Normal Flora ? 
These are mixture of microorganisms 
regularly found at any anatomical site on 
/within the body of a healthy person. 
Some of these microorganisms are found in 
association with humans / animals only. 
Others are found in the environment as well. 
Normal flora types 
Resident vs. Transient 
Resident populations 
(normal flora, microbiota, indigenous 
microbial population, microflora, 
microbial flora) 
Vast majority of normal flora are 
bacteria. 
I...
ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO RESEARCH
ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO RESEARCH. 
 • Ethics has been defined as that branch of philosophy which 
deals with one’s conduct and serves as a guide to one’s 
behaviors. 
• The ethics in research is to ensure that no one is harmed or 
suffers adverse consequences from research activities. 
 • Since most researchers are people genuinely concerned 
about other people’s quality of life, they must be people of 
integrity who will not undertake research for personal gain 
or research...
- Class notes
- • 5 pages •
ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO RESEARCH. 
 • Ethics has been defined as that branch of philosophy which 
deals with one’s conduct and serves as a guide to one’s 
behaviors. 
• The ethics in research is to ensure that no one is harmed or 
suffers adverse consequences from research activities. 
 • Since most researchers are people genuinely concerned 
about other people’s quality of life, they must be people of 
integrity who will not undertake research for personal gain 
or research...
NEOPLASM
NEOPLASM 
A neoplasm or tumor is a cellular growth that is no longer responding to 
normal body controls. The cells continue to reproduce when there is no need 
for them. This excessive growth deprives other cells of nutrients. 
Many neoplasms are unable to function as normal tissue cells because they 
consist of atypical (abnormal) or immature cells. 
Nomenclature 
Tumors are named according to a system. The root word, such as chondro, is 
the cell of origin, in this case cartilage. 
D...
- Class notes
- • 8 pages •
NEOPLASM 
A neoplasm or tumor is a cellular growth that is no longer responding to 
normal body controls. The cells continue to reproduce when there is no need 
for them. This excessive growth deprives other cells of nutrients. 
Many neoplasms are unable to function as normal tissue cells because they 
consist of atypical (abnormal) or immature cells. 
Nomenclature 
Tumors are named according to a system. The root word, such as chondro, is 
the cell of origin, in this case cartilage. 
D...
LOGISTICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH
LOGISTICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH 
 • In any research undertaken, there are important 
logistical and ethical considerations. 
 • There are issues that the researcher must be 
aware of before starting research. 
 • In case of logistical issues, such awareness and 
subsequent preparation will save the researcher a 
great deal of resources (money, time and energy) 
and will ensure high quality research. 
 • In case of ethical issues, awareness will protect 
the integrity of the researche...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 9 pages •
LOGISTICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH 
 • In any research undertaken, there are important 
logistical and ethical considerations. 
 • There are issues that the researcher must be 
aware of before starting research. 
 • In case of logistical issues, such awareness and 
subsequent preparation will save the researcher a 
great deal of resources (money, time and energy) 
and will ensure high quality research. 
 • In case of ethical issues, awareness will protect 
the integrity of the researche...
OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES
ur are normal physiological events, however 
regular routine observations of 
vital signs must be an 
integral part of midwifery care 
 There is potential for pregnant women and those who have 
recently given birth to be at risk of physiological deterioration that 
is not always predicted or recognized 
 To improve recognition of women who are unwell before they 
become critically ill the modified early obstetric warning score 
(MEOWS) chart should now be used (CMACE 2011). 
 ...
- Class notes
- • 29 pages •
ur are normal physiological events, however 
regular routine observations of 
vital signs must be an 
integral part of midwifery care 
 There is potential for pregnant women and those who have 
recently given birth to be at risk of physiological deterioration that 
is not always predicted or recognized 
 To improve recognition of women who are unwell before they 
become critically ill the modified early obstetric warning score 
(MEOWS) chart should now be used (CMACE 2011). 
 ...
MALPRESENTATIONS
MALPOSITIONSOF THEOCCIPUTAND 
 MALPRESENTATIONS 
 R. NDERITU 
 The presenting diameters do not fit well onto the cervix and 
 therefore do not produce optimal stimulation for uterine 
 contractions and labour. 
 Labour with a fetus in a malposition or a malpresentation can 
 be long, tedious and painful, requiring empathy, sustained 
 encouragement and support for the woman and her partner. 
 All the usual care in labour is provided, paying particular 
 attention to comfort and hydra...
- Class notes
- • 26 pages •
MALPOSITIONSOF THEOCCIPUTAND 
 MALPRESENTATIONS 
 R. NDERITU 
 The presenting diameters do not fit well onto the cervix and 
 therefore do not produce optimal stimulation for uterine 
 contractions and labour. 
 Labour with a fetus in a malposition or a malpresentation can 
 be long, tedious and painful, requiring empathy, sustained 
 encouragement and support for the woman and her partner. 
 All the usual care in labour is provided, paying particular 
 attention to comfort and hydra...
PROLONGED PREGNANCY
the term prolonged pregnancy will be used to describe 
 a pregnancy equal to or beyond 42 weeks. 
 Postmaturity refers to a description of the neonate 
 with 
 peeling of the epidermis, 
 long nails, 
 loose skin suggestive of recent weight loss and 
 an alert face (Koklanaris and Tropper 2006). 
 a pregnancy where the gestation exceeds 42 
 completed weeks (294 days). 
 Simpson and Stanley 2011). Gülmezoglu et al 
 (2012) refer to pregnancies that go beyond 294 ...
- Class notes
- • 24 pages •
the term prolonged pregnancy will be used to describe 
 a pregnancy equal to or beyond 42 weeks. 
 Postmaturity refers to a description of the neonate 
 with 
 peeling of the epidermis, 
 long nails, 
 loose skin suggestive of recent weight loss and 
 an alert face (Koklanaris and Tropper 2006). 
 a pregnancy where the gestation exceeds 42 
 completed weeks (294 days). 
 Simpson and Stanley 2011). Gülmezoglu et al 
 (2012) refer to pregnancies that go beyond 294 ...