Score Smart

normal bicarbonate levels : 22-26 mEq/L normal chloride levels : 96-106 mEq/L normal phosphate levels : 2.4-4.4 mg/dL normal potassium levels : 3.5-5.0 mEq/L normal magnesium levels : 1.5-2.5 mEq/L normal sodium levels : 135-145 mEq/L 2 | P a g e normal calcium levels (total) : 8.6-10.2 mg/dL normal calcium levels (ionized) : 4.6-5.3 mg/dL Hypernatremia : Elevated serum sodium levels Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia : Restlessness, agitation, intense thirst Causes o...

GI tract : - Major function is mechanical and chemical breakdown of food - Absorption of nutrients The wall of the GI tract is made up of how many layers? : 4 layers 2 | P a g e - Mucosa - Muscularis - Submucosa - Serosa peritoneum : membrane that lines the abdominal cavity - Visceral layer that covers organs Amylase : Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches Peristalsis 3 | P a g e : Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in on...

Inspect, palpate, auscultate, percuss, smell : IPAP-S Jugular vein distention (JVD) : - increased right side heart pressure Cardiovascular objective assessment : - IPAP-S - neck vessels - blood pressure - pulse - precordium (heart sounds) Pallor : - grey/white appearance Cyanosis : - blue - lack of oxygen Mottling 2 | P a g e : - sign of poor perfusion Clubbing : - sign of chronic hypoximia Splinter hemorrhages : - sign of infective endocarditis Heave or lift : - sustains...

Nausea : feeling of discomfort in the epigastrium with a conscious desire to vomit. Vomiting : forceful ejection of partially digested food and secretions (emesis) from the upper GI tract. regurgitation : process in which partially digested food is slowly brought up from the stomach. Retching or vomiting seldom precedes it. projectile vomiting : very forceful expulsion of stomach contents without nausea and is a characteristic of CNS tumours or increased ICP. What controls vomiting...

What is an indicator/ symptom that shock is progressing? : the early stage of septic shock have warm and dry skin, the client's cool and clammy skin indicates that shock is progressing. What are the hallmark symptoms of Neurogenic shock? : hypotension and bradycardia. What are four of the manifestations of septic shock? : - Increased cardiac output - warm, flushed skin - fever and chills - vasodilation What is a symptom in anaphylactic shock? : Angioneurotic edema. What is one of ...

What does the endocrine system do? : communicates and coordinates mechanisms within the body by synthesizing and releasing chemicals called hormones. what systems work together to maintain communication and control of hormones in the body? : The endocrine, nervous, and immune system Types of hormones: : Water soluble, Protein, and fat soluble hormones. How are hormones released? : Hormones are released in response to altered cellular processes or changes in hormone levels. What reg...

Most frequently broken bone in childhood : Clavicle of children less than 10 years old, males more often Age group of highest incidence of fractures : Young males 15-24, older adults Causes of fractures : Direct blow crushing force sudden twisting motion cancer osteoporosis cushing's syndrome epiphyseal 2 | P a g e : the end of bone, forming part of the adjacent shaft metaphyseal : the flared portion of the bone at the ends of the shaft, between epiphyseal and diaphyseal diap...

Cardiac Output (CO) : - Amount of blood pumped through the heart each minute - Normal 4-8 L/min (varies significantly depending on body size) - Determined by stroke volume and heart rate; CO= SV x HR - Cardiac Index is the cardiac output corrected for body size and more specific than CO; use this in obese pts (CI= CO/BSA; Normal 2.4-4 L/min) - Obtained through a pulmonary artery catheter Nursing Assessment of Cardiac Function : Increased Preload= increased volume-blood backs up (right h...

The nurse performs a detailed assessment of the abdomen of a client with a possible bowel obstruction, knowing that a manifestation of an obstruction in the large intestine is (Select all that apply) (There are 2 correct answers) A. a largely distended abdomen. B. diarrhea that is loose or liquid. C. persistent, colicky abdominal pain. D. profuse vomiting that relieves abdominal pain. : A. a largely distended abdomen. C. persistent, colicky abdominal pain. Rationale: Persistent, colic...

The nurse assesses a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which assessment finding would the nurse regard as a negative symptom of schizophrenia? A. Auditory hallucinations B. Delusions of grandeur C. Poor personal hygiene D. Psychomotor agitation : C. Poor personal hygiene in DI if oral fluid intake cannot keep up with urinary losses, severe fluid volume deficit results as manifested as? : Hypotension Somogyi effect : early-morning hyperglycemia that occurs as a result of nighttim...