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Keys to a healthy pregnancy 1) adequate vitamins and minerals 2) healthy body weight 3) controlling health conditions 4) avoid teratogens 2. Teratogens Compounds that can increase the risk of a birth defect. 3. Examples of teratogens: 1) Tobacco: miscarriage, stillbirth, LBW, preterm 2) Alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome 3) Drugs: LBW, miscarriage, birth defects 4. 4 Key pregnancy stages: Fertilization, Blastogenic, Embryonic, Fetal 5. Blastogenic stage (Day 1 to 14): A period of ra...

protein digestion 1. cooking 2. pepsin (in stomach) 3. cholecystokinin -CCK (small intestine) - travels to pancreas, releases trypsin back to SI 4. trypsin - breaks peptide chains 5. amino acids absorbed through portal vein to liver 2. digestion transforming food into basic nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body 3. sensory stimuli before digestion cognition sound odor appearance taste 4. peristalsis Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in...

positive energy balance more calories consumed than expended 2. negative energy balance fewer calories consumed than expended 3. hyperplasia increase in number of cells (e.g., fat cells in childhood, pregnancy) 4. hypertrophy increase in cell size (low growth and maintenance, such as throughout adulthood) 5. basal metabolic rate the number of calories used by the body while in a fasting state accounts for approximately 60-70% of energy expenditure males 1kcal/kg/hr, femals 0.9kcal...

essential vitamins 13 vitamins that animal cells need but can't synthesize found in both plant and animal sources 2. vitamins produced by the body vitamin K and biotin (gut flora) vitamin D (skin) vitamin A (from beta carotene) niacin (tryptophan) 3. two criteria for vitamins 1. must be consumed in the diet to maintain health. 2. symptoms of deficiency occur in its absence 4. enrichment adding nutrients back that have been lost to processing 5. fortification adding nutrient not nat...

benefits of exercise increased utilization of fat for muscle fuel, increased cardiovascular function, reduced stress, lower blood pressure, weight loss/control, reduced risk of certain cancers, improved sleep, improved immune function, improved blood glucose control, slowing of the aging process, and an improved self-image 2. Healthy People 10-year initiative (2000): reducing adults who don't exercise, double adults are active 30+ minutes daily, increase adults who use resistance exercise...

Factors that influence BMR Gender, lean body mass, body size, temperature, age, nervous system activity, caffeine, smoking, pregnancy, diet 2. Android obesity Fat being stored in the abdominal area yielding an apple shape. Common in males and linked to high blood pressure, testosterone levels, and an increased risk of diabetes and hypertension 3. Gynoid Obesity Fat stored below the waist line yielding a pair shape. More common in females and describes small waist with fat in the hips an...

. active transport Which type of diffusion can move nutrients against the concentration from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration? 2. Mouth - hold and mechanically digests food Esophagus - passageway for food Stomach - Hold volume of food and mechanically and chemically digests it Small intestine - Site of digestion and absorption of nutrients Large intestine - Reabsorbs water and some vitamins Rectum - Passes undigested foodstuffs from the body List 3 orga...

An individual's health can be assessed using the ABCDE's of nutritional assessment. Below, indicate what each letter represents A - Athropometrics- measurements of body composition such as height and weightB - Biochemical- measurement of nutrients in blood, urine and fecesC - Clinical - physical exam and general appearanceD - Dietary- review of dietary intake and assessmentE - Environmentalbackground, family history, life style and living conditions 2. MyPlate illustrates 3 concepts. ...

Bile is secreted in the small intestine for the digestion of Fats 2. Which of the following is true concerning blood sugar regulation Hormones are responsible for control, excess glucose is stored as glycogen, hyperglycemia=high, hypoglycemia=low, normal blood sugar levels are 70-100 mg/dl 3. Examples of disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, lactose 4. 6 major parts of the GI tract Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum 5. Dissolves in GI tract soluble f...

Which of the following are false? 1. Fats/oils in food are mostly in the form of triglycerides 2. Lecithin is an example of a sterol 3. Cholesterol is made by the body in adequate amounts to meet our needs 4. Phospholipids are another class of fats 5. Saturated fats can increase cholesterol levels 6. Saturated fats are found mainly in animal sources 7. Trans fats are naturally occurring and raise cholesterol levels 9. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature 10. Stick margarine ...