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normal vag pH + flora -4.0-4.5; naturally more acidic to protect against bacteria -lactobacilli=normal vag bacteria; low=increased infection risk (abx=low lactobacilli, increased risk of yeast infection) Condylomata acuminata (genital warts) -caused by HPV; high risk strains (16 + 18)=increased risk of cervical cancer, cervical hyperplasia, genital warts -prevented w/ gardisil & cervarix vaccines, yearly pap smear -incubation period=6 weeks-8mo, may be asymptomatic -can resolve ...

nephron + parts of nephron -functional unit of the kidney; consists of the following: -glomerulus: cluster of tiny blood vessels; filters blood & selectively reabsorbs material into blood, secretes others to be secreted in urine via hydrostatic pressure -bowman capsule: filtrates; GRF -basement membrane: within glomerulus; determines permeability of solutes -tubular components: proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tube, collecting tubule (SEE OTHER NOTE FOR ROLES OF EA...

atherosclerosis development: 3 stages 1. endothelial injury (smoking, obesity, HTN); causes increase in adhesion of platelets + phagocytic monocytes 2. migration of inflammatory cells; macrophages engulf lipoproteins (LDLs) and creates "foam-like" cells 3. fibrous plaque forms; central core=lipid-laden foam cells. can result in hemmorhage into plaque or thrombotic occlusion atherosclerosis vs arterial sclerosis atherosclerosis=type of arterial sclerosis arterial sclerosis=...

What drug classes (4) are used for symptomatic relief of cough and cold symptoms? antitussives antihistamines decongestants expectorants Antitussives used in respiratory conditions (5) diphenhydramine (Benadryl) benzonatate (Tessalon Perles) dextromethorphan (DM)(Delsym) codeine (codeine) hydrocodone (many combos) Antitussives used in respiratory conditions pharmacodynamics of _____ (drug name) as an antihistamine, ___ (same drug name) blocks H-1 receptors in the brain ...

Innocent Murmur (Still's Murmur) common murmur found in infants and children; no structural defects in the heart or vessels What does OLDCARTS stand for? Onset Location Duration Characteristics Aggravating and Alleviating Factors Radiation Timing Setting List all 12 cranial nerves in order #Examify | #OnlineExams | #TestPrep | #StudyResources | #AcademicSuccess | #ExamPreparation | #QuizTime | #LearningTools | #Education | #StudentSupport Examify | Smart Grades | La...

axial vs appendicular skeleton axial=skull, thorax, vertebral column (main supporting structures) appendicular=UEs/LEs, pelvis, shoulder types of bones: long vs short vs irregular vs flat long=upper/lower extremities short=ankle/wrist; mostly spongey irregular=vertebrae, jaw flat=skull, ribs, scapula osteoblasts vs osteoclasts osteoblasts- Bone *B*uilding cells; secretes alkaline phosphate to increase serum calcium & phosphorus osteoclasts- Bone *C*hewing cells, phagocytic...

A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is: a. increased ATP b. metabolic acidosis c. tissue ischemia d. all of the above. b. metabolic acidosis Rationale: When oxygen is not available, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, which yields an acid called lactate, or lactic acid. Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell injury? a. Calcium b. Melanin c. Lipids d. Water a. Calcium Rationale: The accumulation of ca...

Pharmacodynamics The process by which a medication works on the body. Pharmacokinetics The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted. Pharmacogenomics The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes Medication side effect a nearly unavoidable secondary effect of a drug produced at therapeutic doses which is generally predictabl...

A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is: a. increased ATP b. metabolic acidosis c. tissue ischemia d. all of the above. b. metabolic acidosis Rationale: When oxygen is not available, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, which yields an acid called lactate, or lactic acid. Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell injury? a. Calcium b. Melanin c. Lipids d. Water #Examify | #OnlineExams | #TestPrep | #StudyResou...

A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is: a. increased ATP b. metabolic acidosis c. tissue ischemia d. all of the above. b. metabolic acidosis Rationale: When oxygen is not available, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, which yields an acid called lactate, or lactic acid. Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell injury? a. Calcium b. Melanin c. Lipids d. Water a. Calcium Rationale: The accumulation of ca...