Academiagiant

Section A Answer Question 01. Source A From a memo sent to members of the Polish Government by Polish Foreign Minister, Jozef Beck, 23 August 1939. Today’s announcements about the intended Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact prove conclusively that the Soviet government has been playing a double game for a long time, seeking to break our negotiations with Paris and London. We cannot be blamed for what is happening. In view of the significance of today’s events, I believe that the only an...

Section A Answer Question 01. Source A From a speech, ‘The Crime against Kansas’ made to Congress by Charles Sumner, a Senator for Massachusetts, 19 May 1856. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill has openly cleared the way for slavery. It can be presumed those who wrote the Bill intended it to be used to extend slavery into these Territories. This is the first stage in the crime against Kansas. The Bill is in every respect a swindle; a swindle of the North by the South, a crime against Kansas. W...

Section A Answer Question 01. Source A From a speech on the future of the King, given in the National Convention, by Maximilien Robespierre, 3 December 1792. Louis is dethroned by his crimes. He conspired against the Republic: either he is condemned or the basis of the Republic is under question. To propose the trial of Louis XVI is to question the revolution. If Louis may be tried, he may be acquitted; if he may be acquitted, he may be innocent. But if he is innocent, what becomes of th...

Section A Answer Question 01. Source A From a personal letter to George Mason, a Virginian plantation owner, from Richard Henry Lee, President of Congress, 1784/85, 15 May 1787. It has given me pleasure to be informed that General Washington and you, George, have gone to the Convention. We may now hope that advantageous changes from the failure of the Articles of Confederation will take place in our Federal Constitution. But I fear that the demand to give Congress more power and the caus...

Section A Answer Question 01. Source A From a letter to William Cecil, Secretary of State, from Edmund Grindal, Bishop of London, 1566. Grindal faced resistance to his injunctions on the conformity of clerical dress. Sir, I have thought it good to explain to you things that have happened recently. John Bartlett is an evangelical preacher in St Giles parish, whom I have suspended for not wearing the correct clerical vestments. Bartlett has taken it upon himself to hold services in the ch...

Section A Answer Question 01. Source A From a book by Marshal d’Estrées, published in France, 1666. D’Estrées was a leading French general before becoming the French ambassador in Rome,1636–48. Until the end of 1647, it seemed that the calm, authoritarian spirit of Cardinal de Richelieu had continued, both in matters of war and within the court. But, after the Peace of Westphalia, France experienced a civil war so great it threatened the monarchy. Cardinal Mazarin, who until 1648...

Section A Answer Question 01. Source A From the ‘Remonstrance of the New Model Army’, written by Commissary-General Henry Ireton, November 1648. This was presented to Parliament as the opinion of the Army. We have fought to give freedom and enlargement to the Gospel and to take away the corrupted forms of popish ignorance and idolatry that have been used to hold the people in chains and darkness. We have fought to take away the dependence of the clergy upon a monarch. Charles Stuart...

Section A Answer Question 01. Source A From ‘A Code of Public Behaviour’, 1534. Laws drawn up by the Twelve Elders of Münster. The Elders became the governing body once the Anabaptists had control of the city. Whoever curses God and His Holy Name shall be killed. No one will curse governmental authority on pain of death. Whoever does not obey his parents shall die. Those who commit sexual sins shall die. Concerning slander, there shall be no slander or flattery among the people. ...

Section A Answer Question 01. Source A From ‘The History of William Marshal’, a biography commissioned by William’s family in the 1220s. William was a knight in Young Henry’s household in the 1170s. Young Henry loved the life of visiting tournaments in whatever lands they were being held; he travelled a lot and spent a lot too, wanting to conduct his life in a manner befitting a king. So when he was almost out of money he let his father know; but his father, hearing this, thought...

Section A Answer Question 01. Extract A After 1966, party distinctions in West Germany became blurred. The Grand Coalition of 1966–69 set Germany back on track in the most difficult of circumstances, effectively resolving the economic problems of the mid-1960s. This government greatly contributed to the political consensus of the following two decades. In 1974, nobody seemed better equipped to deal with a new economic crisis than Helmut Schmidt. Most Germans, including many traditional...