General Psychology

The nervous system operates through neurons, the basic units stimulated by neurotransmitters and hormones. Communication occurs via electrical signals within neurons and chemical signals between them. Neurons exhibit an all-or-none response, firing messages based on the strength of stimuli, with neurotransmitters facilitating communication. Dopamine influences movement and learning, while serotonin affects mood and sleep. Brain structures include the hindbrain, responsible for survival functions...

In designing a study, researchers first define variables to be measured and identify what factors can change. Operationalization involves determining how variables will be measured and selecting the study's design. For instance, comparing groups of people who have slept differently to test the impact of sleep on certain variables illustrates the use of an independent variable (sleep) as a predictor or cause. Data collection and interpretation follow, with replication and communication of findin...

The scientific method encompasses various approaches for understanding behavior and events. It begins with the formulation of theories, which organize observations and generate testable predictions. Hypotheses, often derived from theories, are essential for guiding research. These hypotheses require precise operational definitions and replication to ensure reliability and minimize biases. While case studies offer in-depth examination of individuals or groups, they may not uncover general truths ...

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