Step 1 Biostats and ethics
Liberty University
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USMLE FULL SOLUTION PACK STEP 1 AND STEP 2 Bundled exams with complete solution.
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A 73-year-old man comes to the office with fatigue that has become progressively
worse over the last several months. He is also short of breath when he walks up one
flight of stairs. He drinks 4 vodka martinis a day. He complains of numbness and tingling
in his feet. On physical examination he has decreased sensation of his feet. His
hematocrit is
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Step 1 Biostats and ethics 2023 questions and answers(100% verified quiz bank)
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Step 1 Biostats and ethics 
Controlling confounders - ANSWER-There are 3 methods to control confounders in the 
design stage of a study ; matching, restriction and randomization. 
Restriction is a method that limits participation in the study to individuals who are similar 
in relation to the confounder. For example, a study restricted to non-smokers only will 
eliminate any confounding effect of smoking. However, a disadvantage of restriction is 
that it may be difficult to generalize to the re...
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