The field of psychiatric-mental health nursing - ANSWERbegan in the late 19th century when there was a societal shift in the perception of the purpose of mental asylums from custodial care to medical and social treatment for mental illness.
In the 1950s, Rutgers University - ANSWERawarded the firs...
The field of psychiatric-mental health nursing - ANSWERbegan in the late 19th century when there
was a societal shift in the perception of the purpose of mental asylums from custodial care to
medical and social treatment for mental illness.
In the 1950s, Rutgers University - ANSWERawarded the first graduate degree in psychiatric-mental
health nursing. The psychiatric mental health clinical nurse specialist was the first master's prepared
advanced practice nursing role.
The role of the psychiatric and mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) - ANSWERwas introduced
in the 1990s and has evolved over time to incorporate a person-centered, biopsychosocial model of
care.
Late 19th Century - ANSWERIn the late 19th century, reform movements led to changes in beliefs
about the role of mental asylums in the treatment of mental illness. Focus shifted from restrictive
custodial care to treatment. Dr. Edward Cowles created the first organized training school within a
hospital for the insane in 1882.
Early 20th Century - ANSWEREarly psychiatric nurses were trained by physicians; however, in 1913,
Effie Jane Taylor developed the first nurse-organized training course for psychiatric nursing at Johns
Hopkins Hospital.
WWI - ANSWERThe World Wars expanded awareness of mental health disorders and the need for
specialized nursing care. Following WWI, the National League for Nursing Education added "nursing
in nervous and mental diseases" to curriculum guides.
1954 - ANSWER, the first graduate program in psychiatric nursing was established at Rutgers
University by Hildegarde Peplau to prepare nurse therapists. The first advanced practice nursing role
was the psychiatric-mental health clinical nurse specialist (PMHCNS) role.
1963 - ANSWERThe 1950s brought a transition towards deinstitutionalization in care for those with
mental illnesses, which led to an increase in the number of psychiatric patients receiving care in the
community rather than hospitals. The Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 allowed for the
expansion of the PMHCNS role into community and ambulatory settings as they helped those who
had been deinstitutionalized adapt (ANA, 2014).
1965 - ANSWERLoretta Ford, RN and Henry Silver MD introduce the nurse practitioner role.
1973 - ANSWERANA first published Standards of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Practice in 1973.
1980s - ANSWEROver time, research turned towards the neurobiological basis for mental illness.
With advances in psychotropic medications, psychopharmacology has played an increased role in
treatment. In the 1980s, states began to grant prescriptive authority to APRNS, adding medication
prescribing and management to the traditional therapy role of the PMH APRN.
2000s - ANSWERCertification exams for adult and family PMHNPs developed. These exams were
retired in 2015 when psychiatric certification exams were combined to a single Psychiatric-Mental
Health Nurse Practitioner (Across the Lifespan) Certification (PMHNP-BC).
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