UA BSC 108 EXAM 2 NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 150+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
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UA BSC 108
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UA BSC 108
UA BSC 108 EXAM 2 NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM
COMPLETE 150+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
|ALREADY GRADED A+
The Calvin cycle has three main stages. Name the stages and
summarize the events of each stage. - ANS-"1) Carbon Fixation- The
enzyme rubisco combines CO2 with...
UA BSC 108 EXAM 2 NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM
COMPLETE 150+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
|ALREADY GRADED A+
The Calvin cycle has three main stages. Name the stages and
summarize the events of each stage. - ANS-"1) Carbon Fixation- The
enzyme rubisco combines CO2 with 5-carbon sugar rubulose
biphosphate (RuBP). The unstable product formed splits into 2
molecules of 3-carbon 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA).
2) Reduction- Energy from 6 molecules of ATP is used to oxidize
NADPH to NADP+. Six molecules of 3-PGA are reduced, producing
six molecules of energy-rich 3-carbon sugar G3P.
3) Release of one molecule of G3P- Five of the previously created
G3Ps remain in the cycle, but one molecule is released.
4) Regeneration of RuBP - series of chemical reactions uses energy
from ATP to rearrange the atoms of the 5 G3P molecules, (15 total
carbons), which forms 3 RuBP molecules (15 total carbons).
These will start another turn of the cycle.
"
List all products in the Calvin cycle. - ANS-"6 Turns of the Calvin
Cycle→ 1 C₆H₁₂O₆
6CO₂ → 1 C₆H₁₂O₆
18 ATP + 12 NADPH → 1 C₆H₁₂O₆
Left over ATP is used elsewhere by the cell. "
Give two examples of plants that use C4 photosynthesis. - ANS-"1)
Corn
2) Sugarcane"
,What environmental factor is C4 photosynthesis an adaptation for?
- ANS-High levels of CO2 and drought environments
Contrast carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants. C4 plants initially
attach CO2toPEP to form the four-carbon compound OAA using the
enzyme PEP carboxylase. This takes place in the loosely packed
cells called mesophyll cells. OAA is then pumped to another set of
cells, the bundle sheath cells, which surround the leaf vein. There, it
releases the CO2for use by Rubisco. By concentrating CO2in the
bundle sheath cells, C4plants promote the efficient operation of the
Calvin-Benson cycle and minimize photorespiration. CAM plants
also initially attach CO2to PEP and form OAA. However, instead of
fixing carbon during the day and pumping the OAA to other cells,
CAM plants fix carbon at night and store the OAA in large vacuoles
within the cell. This allows them to have their stomates open in the
cool of the evening, avoiding water loss, and to use the CO2 for the
Calvin-Benson cycle during the day, when it can be driven by the
sun's energy.
How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction? -
ANS-Asexual Reproduction involves one parent and produces
offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the
parent. Sexual Reproduction involves two parents and produces
offspring that are genetically unique.
What are the two main phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle? - ANS-
"a. Interphase
b. Mitotic phase"
. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplicate? - ANS-
interphase- chromosome duplication
, What is the function of mitosis? - ANS-in mitosis the nucleus and
its contents, most importantly, the divided chromosomes, divide
and are evenly distributed, forming two daughter, nuclei
Summarize the events of Prophase: - ANS-"a. During prophase,
changes occur in both nucleus and cytoplasm. In the nucleus, the
chromatin fibers coil, so that the chromosomes become thick
enough to be seen individually with a light microscope. Each
chromosome exists as two identical sister chromatids joined
together at the narrow "waist" of the centromere. In the cytoplasm,
the mitotic spindle begins to form. Late in prophase, the nuclear
envelope breaks into pieces. The spindle tracks attach to the
centromeres of the chromosomes and move the chromosomes
toward the center of the cell.
c. Anaphase: Anaphase begins suddenly when the sister
chromatids of each chromosome separate. Each is now considered
a full-fledged (daughter) chromosome. The chromosomes move
toward opposite poles of the cell as the spindle tracks shorten.
Simultaneously, the tracks not attached to chromosomes lengthen,
pushing the poles farther apart and elonging the cell
d. Telophase: telophase begins when the two groups of
chromosomes have reached opposite ends of the cell. Telophase is
the reverse of prophase: Nuclear envelopes form, the
chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle disappears. Mitosis, the
division of one nucleus into two genetically identical daughter
nuclei, is now finished. Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm,
usually occurs with telophase. In animals, a cleavage furrow
pinches the cell in two, producing two daughter cells
Describe the cell cycle control system. - ANS-specialized proteins
integrate information from the environment and from other body
cells and send "stop" and "go-ahead" signals at certain key points
during the cell cycle.
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