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IAF Exam 2 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Wars of Aggression - Answer️️ --An unprovoked military attack by one state on another. -Tensions between states that produce arms races, militarized interstate disputes, and war. -Taboo under today's national law. Wars of Self-Defense - Answ...

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©EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024-2025 September 14, 2024 12:27 PM



IAF Exam 2 Study Guide with Complete
Solutions


Wars of Aggression - Answer✔️✔️--An unprovoked military attack by one state on

another.

-Tensions between states that produce arms races, militarized interstate disputes, and

war.

-Taboo under today's national law.

Wars of Self-Defense - Answer✔️✔️--Defending oneself, one's property, or the wellbeing

of another from harm.

-The right of self-defense is available in many jurisdictions as a legal justification for the

use of force in times of danger, but the interpretation varies widely.

-Sanctioned by the UN

Wars of Preemption - Answer✔️✔️--A strategy of warfare predicated on the legitimacy

and desirability of using military force against an evident security threat from an

adversary prior to one's own state or interests being attacked.

-Ex: US' invasion of Iraq in 2003; US believed that Iraq would attack the US further

down the line, so they struck first.

The Concert of Europe - Answer✔️✔️--The balance of power arrangement in Europe

from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of WWI (1914).




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-Aimed at maintaining stability and averting major wars between and among the great

powers of the Continent.

Declarations of war's obsolescence - Answer✔️✔️-have persisted, and even expanded,

during the 20th century. The fallacy of triumphal proclamations of the "end of history"

Iron law of the democratic peace - Answer✔️✔️--Democracies do not engage with one

another in war

-Democracy promotion is the key to containing war and expanding the "zone of peace."

-Supported empirically to some degree

New World Order - Answer✔️✔️--Followed the Cold War

-Emphasis on maintaining and promoting peace, democracy, and human rights.

-Referred to a Western-led international system in which particular norms and laws

favored liberal democracy, civil and political rights, and market-led economic

globalization.

-Because capitalism has beat communism, history is ending (history is the competition

of ideas), therefore there should be no more conflict.

"Clash of Civilizations" - Answer✔️✔️--Predicting the future of war.

-This may be the end of war as we know it (territorial, conquest, resources), but war

between identities will be the defining characteristic of wars in the future (civilizational

war).

-The are 6-7 civilizations in the world, and most of them get along, but there are 3 that

do not - Christian, Islamic, and Confucianist; these three cannot coexist. Ex: struggle

between US and the "Islamic state"



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Armed Conflict: Individual Level Analysis - Answer✔️✔️--War is a form of behavior

resulting from an individual's choice.

-War is a byproduct of human nature.

-Individual leaders: the personality traits of leaders, personality may favor taking risks or

a psychological need for power.

Armed Conflict: State Level Analysis - Answer✔️✔️--Iron Law of Democratic Peace.

-Proliferation of weapons: deterrence and failure of deterrence. No two nuclear states

have ever gone to war against one another, MAD.

-Security dilemma: uncertainty!

-Diversionary theory of war.

-Ex: Proliferation of weapons: the reason the US and SU never went to war with each

other during the Cold War is the idea of MAD - the retaliation of an attack by either side

would have resulted in the destruction of both states.

Diversionary theory of war - Answer✔️✔️-A thesis that a war is instigated by a country's

leadership in order to distract its population from their own domestic strife. Countries are

more likely to go to war when experiencing economic stress.

Armed Conflict: System Level Analysis - Answer✔️✔️--Failure of collective security

(global and regional) approach.

-Offensive and defensive realism

-The distribution of power: polarity, relative power, stability of power; systemic wars are

cyclical.




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-The anarchical nature of the system: no regularized and effective process of law

creation, enforcement, or adjudication; "self-help" nature of the system means that

states are ultimately responsible for their own survival and security

Offensive v Defensive realism - Answer✔️✔️--Offensive realism: anarchy rewards the

inherently aggressive tendencies of states and their leaders, who capitalize on it and

purposefully choose war.

-Defensive realism: states and their leaders typically do not choose war.

Global Trends in Armed Conflict - Answer✔️✔️--Estimates point to the occurrence of at

least 14,000 wars throughout recorded history.

-Armed conflict of all types increased by a factor of three during the period 1960-1992.

-The end of the bipolar rivalry of the Cold War helped bring about resolution of

numerous long-standing civil conflicts.

-Democratic transitions in the former Soviet bloc

5.

-Since 1990, there have been only six instances of direct wars between states:

a) Gulf War (1990-1991) and its aftermath

b) Eritrea-Ethiopia (1998-2000)

c) India-Pakistan (1997-2003; 2014)

d) Iraq versus the United States and its allies (2003)

e) Djibouti-Eritrea (2008)

f) Russia-Ukraine (2014-2017)

Old Wars - Answer✔️✔️--fought by and through the state and its organized, professional,

standing armies in pursuit of the national interest.


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