Oceanography final exam || with 100% Errorless Answers.
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Oceanography
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Oceanography
c correct answers 1. Where did all of the heavy elements that are found inside of your own body (e.g., carbon and nitrogen, phosphorous, copper and gold) get created?
a. 50% of the heavy elements were created directly from the Big Bang and the other 50% were created later inside of stars or when...
Oceanography final exam || with 100% Errorless Answers.
c correct answers 1. Where did all of the heavy elements that are found inside of your own body
(e.g., carbon and nitrogen, phosphorous, copper and gold) get created?
a. 50% of the heavy elements were created directly from the Big Bang and the other 50% were
created later inside of stars or when stars exploded.
b. 10% of the heavy elements were created directly from the Big Bang and about 90% were
created later inside of stars or when stars exploded.
c. 100% of the heavy elements were created inside of stars or when stars exploded.
b correct answers 2. How are stars formed?
a. Stars were initially formed during the Big Bang and they have been hurtling outward through
space and clustering into large galaxies ever since.
b. They started forming after the intense heat of the Big Bang cooled and cold matter began
condensing into large-mass objects due to gravitational attraction. When an object's mass
becomes very large, the gravitational compression within the center of the object makes its
interior hot enough to ignite thermonuclear fusion reactions.
c. Intensely hot plasma matter (heated from the initial Big Bang) collapsed under gravity to form
very large cohesive masses of hot matter, which we now call stars.
a correct answers 3. How do we know that our own sun is made from the dust of a previously
exploded star?
a. The sun is composed of hydrogen and a range of heavier elements.
b. We have observed the nearby nebula Helios-N1 and we can backtrack from its present motion
that it once occupied the location of our current sun.
c. We know the age of the sun and we then combine this information with the fact that all stars
this young can only form from the remains of older stars.
b correct answers 4. According to our current scientific understanding, where did most of the
water come from that fills the earth's oceans?
a. Comets
b. Asteroids
c. Out-gassing
of volcanoes
,d. Water formed in place while the earth slowly grew larger from the steady collision of
planetismals that contain water.
b correct answers 5. If you were on a boat at 10N and 160W which ocean would you be in?
a. Atlantic
b. Pacific
c. Indian
d. Southern
e. Arctic
c correct answers 6. How was our moon formed?
a. A moon-sized object passed close to earth and was captured by earth's gravitational field.
b. Small planetismals were captured by earth's gravity, and these planetismals slowly collided
while in earth's orbit over a 500-million-year period to form our moon.
c. A mars-sized object hit the earth and the ejected material subsequently coalesced to form the
moon.
a correct answers 7. How quickly did life appear on earth after it cooled and the oceans filled?
a. Remarkably quickly (around 500 million years).
b. It took a pretty long time for life to get started (more than a billion years).
c. It took a really long time for life to finally catch hold on earth (about 2.5 billion years).
d correct answers 8. Where did the oxygen in the atmosphere come from?
a. Out-gassing of volcanoes
b. Comets
c. Asteroids
d. Photosynthesis
e. Respiration of anaerobic microbes
d correct answers 9. Life on earth began in the ocean billions of years ago. When did life on land
begin?
a. About the same time as in the ocean
,b. About 2.5 billion years ago
c. About 1.5 billion years ago
d. About 550 million years ago
e. About 65 million years ago
c correct answers 10. How long ago did a large asteroid hit the earth that caused the extinction of
most dinosaurs and subsequently gave rise to large mammals dominating the earth?
a. About 2.5 billion years ago
b. About 550 million years ago
c. About 65 million years ago
d. About 15,000 years ago
b correct answers 11. How far back can you trace the evolutionary origin of your own backbone?
a. The first vertebrates were dinosaurs.
b. The first vertebrates were fish.
c. The first vertebrates were primates (monkeys and apes).
d. The first vertebrates were amphibians that lived both on land and in the water.
a correct answers 12. Does the rigid outer crust of the earth actually float on the underlying
mantle?
a. Yes, the rigid crust floats on top of the underlying mantle and acts sort of like a cork floating
on water.
b. No, the rigid crust forms a strong outer shell that does not float and sort of acts like the outer
shell of a chicken egg that encloses the inner liquid of the egg.
b correct answers 13. What strong evidence led Alfred Wegner to confirm that the continents had
drifted over geologic time?
a. The careful observation that the coastlines on opposite sides of ocean basins had near perfect
fits (e.g., South America and Africa).
, b. Fossil and mineral belts on separate modern-day continents aligned when the continents were
artificially moved into a single super-continent.
c. The radioactive-dating methods he used showed that continents on the opposite side of ocean
basins were identical in age.
d. He painstakingly measured the current movement of the continents and then backtracked that
movement in reverse and showed the continents merged into a single large super continent
known as Pangea.
a correct answers 14. Why is the symmetric banding of magnetic anomalies along mid-ocean
ridges considered to be strong evidence to seafloor spreading?
a. Because magnetic anomalies are a proxy for the age of the rock, and when dated, they show
the crust getting symmetrically older as you move away on either side of the mid-ocean ridge.
b. Because seafloor spreading causes the earth's magnetic field to reverse. Consequently, seeing
lots of magnetic field reversals in the rocks about the ridge axis means that the region is rapidly
spreading.
c. Because calculations show that the positive and negative magnetic anomalies in the ocean
crust will cause the crust itself to be attracted (forced) toward the present magnetic north and
south poles with enough strength to drive divergent plate motion.
b correct answers 15. What kind of tectonic process takes place in deep-sea trenches?
a. This is where new oceanic crust is being formed.
b. This is where ocean crust continuously sinks back into the mantle.
c. This is where new ocean basins are in the earliest stages of being born.
d. This is where hydrothermal vents support an exotic deep-sea ecosystem and where many
scientists think life on earth might have originated.
b correct answers 16. How are continents moved around on earth over geologic time?
a. When new ocean crust is formed, it pushes laterally outward against continental crust.
b. Continents are moved when the tectonic plates that they are embedded within move.
c. The force of gravity from the moon pulls more strongly on the larger continental crust and
drags it through the thinner oceanic crust.
d. New continental crust is made at new locations while old crust cools and becomes denser and
sinks back into the mantle. Together this gives the illusion of actual motion.
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