ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate
1. Lesson 1: Founda-
tions to Set the
Stage
2. Focusing on Cel-
lular Structure and
Function
3. The Normal Cell
Cycle
4. Interphase and Mi-
totic Phase
5. During inter-
phase:
6. First Growth
Phase (G1 or first
gap)
7. Synthesis Phase
...
ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate 1. Lesson 1: Founda - tions to Set the Stage 2. Focusing on Cel - lular Structure and Function 3. The Normal Cell Cycle 4. Interphase and Mi- totic Phase 5. During inter - phase: 6. First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) 7. Synthesis Phase (S phase) -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division -Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular information Cell division produces two identical cells through these two major phases Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap) 2: Synthesis phase (S phase) 3:Mitotic Phse (M phase) -cells increase in size -reproduce RNA -"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA -Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days -DNA replicates -Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chro - matids) ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate 8. Mitotic Phase (M phase) 9. Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from -which are attached a t the centromere -lasts 2 -10 hours -Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells -takes about 30-60 minutes -G1 checkpoint -S Phase -G2 checkpoint -M phase 10. Restriction Point -The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular trans - formation can occur -During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point -Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return 11. G0 Phase (resting phase) 12. -Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0 -Most cells in the human body reside in G0 -Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as -granulocytes -and the epithelium of the GI tract ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate 13. Cell Cycling Time Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis 14. Cell cycle video and image 15. Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Un- der Control 16. Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: 17. Locations of pro - teins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs http://highered.mheduca - tion.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/an - imation how_the_cell_cycle_works.html -The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints -Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunc - tion and disease, such as cancer -These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and con- trol progression through mitosis 1. cyclines (D, E, A, B) 2. Cyclin -dependent kinases (CDKs) -Cyclin -CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle -(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6 -Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2 -Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2 -G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A -Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B 18. Inhibitory proteins -prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is detected -An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
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