PSY3370 hormones, the brain and behaviour (PSY3370)
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Summary PSY3370 case 6 oxytocin
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PSY3370 hormones, the brain and behaviour (PSY3370)
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Maastricht University (UM)
case/taak 6 van het vak hormones, the brain and behaviour wat onderdeel is van de bachelor psychologie en advanced minor in psychology.
Heb zelf een 8,5 gehaald voor het tentamen.
PSY3370 hormones, the brain and behaviour (PSY3370)
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Case 6 oxytocin and social behaviour
Article Ditzen
- Background: In nonhuman mammals, the neuropeptide oxytocin has repeatedly been
shown to increase social approach behavior and pair bonding. In particular, central
nervous oxytocin reduces behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to social stress and
is suggested to mediate the rewarding aspects of attachment in highly social species.
However, to date there have been no studies investigating the effects of central
oxytocin mechanisms on behavior and physiology in human couple interaction.
Methods: In a double-blind placebo-controlled design, 47 heterosexual couples (total
n = 94) received oxytocin or placebo intranasally before a standard instructed couple
conflict discussion in the laboratory. The conflict session was videotaped and coded
for verbal and nonverbal interaction behavior (e.g., eye contact, nonverbal positive
behavior, and self-disclosure). Salivary cortisol was repeatedly measured during the
experiment. Results: Oxytocin significantly increased positive communication
behavior in relation to negative behavior during the couple conflict discussion and
significantly reduced salivary cortisol levels after the conflict compared with placebo.
Conclusions: These results are in line with animal studies indicating that central
oxytocin facilitates approach and pair bonding behavior. Our findings imply an
involvement of oxytocin in couple interaction and close relationships in humans.
- Intranasal oxytocin was found to reduce endocrine and psychological responses to
social stress, to modulate social memory, and to increase trust and eye-gazing and the
ability to infer the mental state of another person (“mind-reading”). In line with this,
the hormone was shown to attenuate amygdala responses to emotional faces and
during prosocial behavior
- In this study, we investigated the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin in
comparison with placebo on interaction behavior and HPA axis activity during a
laboratory couple conflict discussion
- Oxytocin significantly increased the duration of positive behavior in relation to
negative behavior during the couple conflict, with no differences between women and
men. Oxytocin did not affect the total duration of positive or negative behavior during
the conflict discussion. There were no gender or group differences between the
oxytocin and placebo group in the self-evaluation of the conflict discussion. As
expected, salivary cortisol did not increase during conflict, with no significant time
effect and no significant group or gender differences in salivary cortisol courses.
However, oxytocin induced significantly decreasing cortisol concentrations after the
conflict compared with placebo, again with no main effect of gender. The interaction
of group and gender was marginally significant, with lower cortisol levels in women
with oxytocin compared with women with placebo than in men with oxytocin
compared with men with placebo. Cortisol bigger effect women.
- oxytocin increased the duration of positive behavior in relation to negative behavior
during a conflict discussion and reduced salivary cortisol levels after this conflict in
both women and men. our data suggest an important mediating role of oxytocin in the
stress-buffering effects of positive social interaction, supposedly due to an increased
availability of positive relationship memories, increased trust, and decreased levels of
anxiety and stress during social interaction. It is important to note that we did not find
gender differences in behavior after oxytocin administration and only a relatively
small gender x substance interaction in cortisol measures
Article Guastella
1
, - Background: A diagnostic hallmark of autism spectrum disorders is a qualitative
impairment in social communication and interaction. Deficits in the ability to
recognize the emotions of others are believed to contribute to this. There is currently
no effective treatment for these problems. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized,
placebo-controlled, crossover design, we administered oxytocin nasal spray (18 or 24
IU) or a placebo to 16 male youth aged 12 to 19 who were diagnosed with Autistic or
Asperger’s Disorder. Participants then completed the Reading the Mind in the Eyes
Task, a widely used and reliable test of emotion recognition. Results: In comparison
with placebo, oxytocin administration improved performance on the Reading the Mind
in the Eyes Task. This effect was also shown when analysis was restricted to the
younger participants aged 12 to 15 who received the lower dose. Conclusions: This
study provides the first evidence that oxytocin nasal spray improves emotion
recognition in young people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Findings
suggest the potential of earlier intervention and further evaluation of oxytocin nasal
spray as a treatment to improve social communication and interaction in young people
with autism spectrum disorders.
- Oxytocin nasal administration improves emotion recognition and face processing. This
has led some to speculate its use for the treatment of psychiatric disorders
characterized by social deficit
- In comparison with performance under placebo, results indicated that oxytocin
improved performance on the RMET (reading mind in eyes test) for 60% of
participants. The effect of oxytocin was highly significant for the easier items on the
test. Results again showed the beneficial effect of oxytocin on emotion recognition
performance for participants aged 12–15. There was no difference across sessions in
drug identification, or in the number of reported side effects.
- Our findings reveal that oxytocin nasal spray improves emotion recognition for young
people with autism spectrum disorders.
- oxytocin may improve social cognition by enhancing gaze on cues that are important
for social communication and the reward associated with engaging with these social
cues
- side effects: tired, relaxed, headaeche, emotional liability, irritability
article Anagnostau
- Background: There is a paucity of treatments targeting core symptom domains in
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Several animal models and research in typically
developing volunteers suggests that manipulation of the oxytocin system may have
therapeutic potential for the treatment of social deficits. We review the literature for
oxytocin and ASD and report on early dosing, safety and efficacy data of multi-dose
oxytocin on aspects of social cognition/function, as well as repetitive behaviors and
co-occurring anxiety within ASD. Methods: Fifteen children and adolescents with
verbal IQsZ70 were diagnosed with ASD using the ADOS and the ADI-R. They
participated in a modified maximum tolerated dose study of intranasal oxytocin
(Syntocinon). Data were modeled using repeated measures regression analysis
controlling for week, dose, age, and sex. Results: Among 4 doses tested, the highest
dose evaluated, 0.4 IU/kg/dose, was found to be well tolerated. No serious or severe
adverse events were reported and adverse events reported/ observed were mild to
moderate. Over 12 weeks of treatment, several measures of social cognition/function,
repetitive behaviors and anxiety showed sensitivity to change with some measures
suggesting maintenance of effect 3 months past discontinuation of intranasal oxytocin.
Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that daily administration of intranasal oxytocin
2
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