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kant en klaar history writing assignment. demokratia
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History writing assignment demokratiaIn the year 507 B.C., the Athenian leader Cleisthenes introduced a system
of political reforms that he called demokratia, or “rule by the people” (from
demos, “the people,” and kratos, or “power”). It was the first known
democracy in the world.
This system was comprised of three separate institutions: the ekklesia, a
sovereign governing body that wrote laws and dictated foreign policy; the
boule, a council of representatives from the ten Athenian tribes and the
dikasteria, the popular courts in which citizens argued cases before a group
of lottery-selected jurors. Although this Athenian democracy would survive
for only two centuries, its invention by Cleisthenes, “The Father of
Democracy,” was one of ancient Greece’s most enduring contributions to
the modern world. The Greek system of direct democracy would pave the
way for representative democracies across the globe.
“In a democracy,” the Greek historian Herodotus wrote, “there is, first, that
most splendid of virtues, equality before the law.” It was true that
Cleisthenes’ demokratia abolished the political distinctions between the
Athenian aristocrats who had long monopolized the political decision-
making process and the middle- and working-class people who made up
the army and the navy (and whose incipient discontent was the reason
Cleisthenes introduced his reforms in the first place).
However, the “equality” Herodotus described was limited to a small
segment of the Athenian population in Ancient Greece. For example, in
Athens in the middle of the 4th century there were about 100,000 citizens
(Athenian citizenship was limited to men and women whose parents had
also been Athenian citizens), about 10,000 metoikoi, or “resident
foreigners,” and 150,000 slaves. Out of all those people, only male citizens
who were older than 18 were a part of the demos, meaning only about
40,000 people could participate in the democratic process.
Ostracism, in which a citizen could be expelled from
Athens for 10 years, was among the powers of the
ekklesia.
, The Ekklesia
Athenian democracy was a direct democracy made up of three important
institutions. The first was the ekklesia, or Assembly, the sovereign
governing body of Athens. Any member of the demos—any one of those
40,000 adult male citizens—was welcome to attend the meetings of the
ekklesia, which were held 40 times per year in a hillside auditorium west of
the Acropolis called the Pnyx. (Only about 5,000 men attended each
session of the Assembly; the rest were serving in the army or navy or
working to support their families.)
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