Summary for block 1.5 at Erasmus university (). I'm enrolled in international psychology, however the sources and study materials are the same in both psychology courses. Hence, these summaries may also be useful for Dutch students. The summaries are based on at least 2 of the required reading mate...
Language
= form of communication based on a system of symbols consisting out of
- Words
- Rules for using & combining words
Characteristics of language
- Infinite generativity
= ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences with a finite amount
of words
- Language is orderly/organized/has rules on how language works
Five systems involved in language:
o Phonology
= every language is made up of basic sounds/ sound system of a language
which sounds? how are they pronounced & combined?
Phoneme
= basic/smallest unit of a sound that affects meaning
o Morphology
= governs how words are formed in a language (past tenses/plurals)
free morpheme: word on its own
bound morpheme: changes meaning of a word when combined with a free
morpheme
Morpheme
= minimal unit of meaning that cannot be broken down any further
Rules of morphology
= rules on how to combine morphemes
o Syntax
= the way in which words are combined in order to form acceptable
phrases/sentences & structure of language (grammatical markers)
[syntax + morphology = grammar]
determining subject/object
rules for structure are important for understanding the meaning of a sentence
o Pragmatics
= principles that underlie effective/appropriate use of language in social contex
sociolinguistic knowledge
= culturally specific rules specifying how language should be structured & used in
social context
o Semantics
= meaning of words & sentences. Every word has a set of semantic
features/attributes.
some sentences could never exist due to semantic restriction
, Theories of language development
Learning/empiricist perspective
Main focus on imitation (bandura) & reinforcement (skinner)
Skinner:
Parent reinforces babbling + probability of repetition words
Combination of words are reinforced + production of sentences
Bandura:
Parents speak and children imitate the sounds and eventually imitate parents words/word
use/sentences
Language is for communication between people; social act; influenced by social
interaction
Absence of social environment (wild boy of Aveyron) = no speech
x Does not account for acquiring syntax (grammar is barely reinforced/praised)
x If modelling... why do children make grammar mistakes/ do not use adult speech
The nativist perspective
Biological programmed to acquire language
1968: Noam Chomsky
people have a inborn language processor which contains the foundations/universals of
grammars (which is activated by verbal input) = language acquisition device (LAD)
1985: Dan Slobin
people have a set of specialized processing skills that allow the child to analyze
speech/infer phonology (sounds)/understand meaning (semantics)/rules (syntax) =
Language making capacity (LMC)
Thus; children construct language (for) themselves to guide communication
Crosscultural/universal linguistic milestones
Language is species specific
Language centers in the brain (broca’s & wernicke’s)
Discrimination in phonetics arises in 1st few days of life
Kids produce their ‘own’ language
The wild boy of averyon couldn’t talk
Descriptive rather than explanative
Overlook environmental factors
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