Guide on international relations from Political science perspective.
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Cours
Introduction to international relations
Établissement
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY
MODULE 1
Introduction to International Relations (IR)
1. IR as an Academic Discipline: Relevance of the study of IR
Evolution of the study of IR
1. Westphalian Nation – State System
1.2.1. Peace of Westphalia and Implications on the Modern Nation State System
1.2.2. Foundational Elements o...
. ROYAL DUTCH SHELL
. History: Shell traces its origins to the late 19th century, with the merger of Royal Dutch
Petroleum Company in the Netherlands and Shell Transport and Trading Company in the UK. It
grew into a global energy giant with operations in oil exploration, production, refining, and
marketing.
Issues:
2• Environmental Impact: Shell has faced criticism for environmental damage caused by oil spills,
gas flaring, and deforestation in regions like the Niger Delta, where communities have suffered
from pollution and ecosystem degradation.
• Human Rights Concerns: Shell's operations in Nigeria have been linked to human rights
violations, including allegations of complicity in violence against activists and communities
opposing its activities.
Controversies:
• Ogoni Nine Case: The execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other activists, known as the
Ogoni Nine, in 1995 sparked international outrage and led to allegations that Shell collaborated
with the Nigerian government in silencing dissent.
• Brent Spar Incident: In 1995, Shell faced public backlash over plans to dispose of the Brent
Spar oil platform in the North Sea. Environmental protests and consumer boycotts forced Shell to
reconsider its approach.
Response: • Sustainability Efforts: Shell has implemented sustainability initiatives, including
investments in renewable energy, carbon offset programs, and community development projects
in areas affected by its operations.
• Corporate Governance Reforms: The company has improved transparency, accountability, and
stakeholder engagement through measures such as publishing sustainability reports and
engaging with NGOs and advocacy groups.
Specific Case:
The Ogoni Nine case remains a prominent example of Shell's involvement in human rights
controversies. The company faced legal challenges and reputational damage, leading to calls for
accountability and corporate responsibility in its operations.
. NIKE
. History: Nike was founded in 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports and later became Nike Inc. It became
a global leader in athletic footwear, apparel, and equipment, known for its marketing strategies
and endorsements with athletes.
Issues:
• Labor Practices: Nike's supply chain has faced criticism for labor violations, including
1sweatshop conditions, low wages, and child labor in factories in countries like Indonesia,
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