W. Devroe
MARKT- EN
MEDEDINGINGSRECHT
Master ERB
2024
Powerpoints en lesnotities in één geïntegreerd document.
Inclusief alle (niet-opgenomen) oefensessies
+ 2 examens (met antwoorden)
, EXAMEN ...................................................................................................................................................5
MARKT EN MARKTRECHT................................................................................................................................5
H1: ESSENTIALIA VAN EU-MEDEDINGINGSRECHT ................................................................................ 5
De overkoepelende takken van het mededingingsrecht (les 1)............................................................... 5
Waarom mededingingsrecht? ............................................................................................................. 7
De bronnen ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Instellingen ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Band met de interne markt................................................................................................................ 14
Geschiedenis van het EU-mededingingsrecht .................................................................................... 15
Drie aanvals-/verdedigingslinies: ....................................................................................................... 16
Wat is er nieuw? ............................................................................................................................... 16
H2: TOEPASSINGSGEBIED VAN EU-MEDEDINGINGSRECHT (LES 2)...................................................... 17
RATIONE PERSONAE ................................................................................................................................... 17
Onderneming = elke entiteit … .......................................................................................................... 17
‘Entiteit’ – werknemers en labour exemption ...................................................................................... 20
Onderneming = ... economische activiteit .......................................................................................... 21
Kan ‘economische activiteit’ verschillen per lidstaat? ......................................................................... 23
ONDERNEMING IN BELGISCH RECHT .............................................................................................................. 24
RATIONE MATERIAE = ALLE SECTOREN ............................................................................................................. 25
RATIONE LOCI = WAAR PASSEN WE EU-MR TOE ?.............................................................................................. 25
NOOD AAN INTERNATIONALE SAMENWERKING .................................................................................................. 27
H3: RESTRICTIEVE PRAKTIJKEN (101 VWEU) – MATERIEEL RECHT (LES 3) ............................................ 29
CONTEXT: REGELS VAN TOEPASSING OP ONDERNEMINGEN .................................................................................. 29
STRUCTUUR VAN ARTIKEL 101 VWEU ............................................................................................................ 30
TOEPASSINGSGEBIED ART. 101 VWEU .......................................................................................................... 31
Gedrag............................................................................................................................................. 31
Overeenkomst ............................................................................................................................................... 32
Besluit van ondernemersvereniging ................................................................................................................ 33
Onderling afgestemde feitelijke gedraging ....................................................................................................... 34
Strekking of gevolg............................................................................................................................ 36
TOEPASSINGSGEBIED – DE MINIMIS ................................................................................................................ 39
TOEPASSINGSGEBIED – NEVENRESTRICTIES ...................................................................................................... 40
EXCEPTIES = DERDE VERDEDIGINGSLINIE (LES 4) .............................................................................................. 41
EXCEPTIES – INDIVIDUEEL ............................................................................................................................ 43
GROEPSVRIJSTELLINGEN ............................................................................................................................. 45
VBER 2022 ............................................................................................................................................ 46
VBER 2022 – Wat blijft? ..................................................................................................................... 47
VBER 2022 – veranderingen............................................................................................................... 48
CONTROVERSE ART 101 VWEU ................................................................................................................... 51
H4: HANDHAVING VAN ART. 101-102 VWEU (LES 5) ............................................................................. 52
MODERNISERING ...................................................................................................................................... 55
Parallelle toepassing ........................................................................................................................ 56
HvJ 7.12.2010, C-439/08, VEBIC ..................................................................................................................... 58
HvJ 3.5.2011, C-375/09, Tele2 Polska .............................................................................................................. 59
HvJ 14.2.2012, C-17/10, Toshiba ..................................................................................................................... 60
Andere wijzigingen door Verordening 1/2003 (vervolg) ........................................................................ 60
1
, Conclusies over parallelle toepassing................................................................................................ 60
ECN + DIRECTIVE ..................................................................................................................................... 61
PUBLIEKE HANDHAVING: PROCEDURELE FASEN - GOOGLE SHOPPING (LES 6) ........................................................... 61
Boetes ............................................................................................................................................. 63
Toepassing op Google Shopping ..................................................................................................................... 65
Drie onderhandelde oplossingen....................................................................................................... 66
Clementie ..................................................................................................................................................... 66
Toezeggingen ................................................................................................................................................. 68
Schikkingen (settlements) .............................................................................................................................. 72
PRIVATE HANDHAVING VAN MEDEDINGINGSRECHT (LES 7) ................................................................................... 73
2014 RICHTLIJN SCHADEVORDERINGEN ......................................................................................................... 73
NOOD AAN EEN RICHTLIJN ........................................................................................................................... 74
Handelsrechtbank 24.11.2014 EU/Otis, KONE, Schindler en ThyssenKrupp ...................................................... 74
HvJ 14.6.2011, C-360/09 Pfleiderer AG t. Bundeskartellamt ............................................................................. 75
HvJ 6.6.2013, C-536/11 Donau Chemie ........................................................................................................... 75
RICHTLIJN SCHADEVORDERINGEN ALS EEN RICHTLIJN ......................................................................................... 75
Richtlijn schadevorderingen – essentialia .......................................................................................... 76
Richtlijn schadevergoedingen – risico’s en opportuniteiten ................................................................. 77
H5: MISBRUIK VAN MACHTSPOSITIE (ART. 102 VWEU) – MATERIEEL RECHT (LES 8) ............................... 78
DE ESSENTIE ............................................................................................................................................ 78
Google Shopping ........................................................................................................................................... 80
Google Android .............................................................................................................................................. 80
Google AdSense ............................................................................................................................................ 81
A528 – Italian Competition Authority ............................................................................................................... 81
Apple vs EC ................................................................................................................................................... 82
TOEPASSINGSGEBIED ART. 102 VWEU .......................................................................................................... 82
Vergelijking met art. 101 VWEU ......................................................................................................... 82
Machtspositie .................................................................................................................................. 83
Collectieve machtspositie ................................................................................................................ 84
Marktafbakening .............................................................................................................................. 86
Marktmacht ..................................................................................................................................... 90
Misbruik........................................................................................................................................... 93
Uitbuiting en uitsluiting .................................................................................................................................. 94
Voorbeelden van misbruik (les 9) .................................................................................................................... 95
Artikel 102 VWEU en “self-preferencing” .......................................................................................... 104
Verweer: ‘objectieve rechtvaardiging’? .......................................................................................................... 105
Oefening: ....................................................................................................................................... 106
H6: CONCENTRATIECONTROLE – MATERIEEL RECHT EN PROCEDURE ............................................... 107
INTRODUCTIE ......................................................................................................................................... 107
Enkele beginselen .......................................................................................................................... 107
Evolutie ......................................................................................................................................... 108
Vergelijking met artikelen 101-102 VWEU ......................................................................................... 109
BEGRIP ‘CONCENTRATIE’ (ART. 3) ................................................................................................................ 109
Verschillende vormen van concentratie ........................................................................................... 110
Concentratie met ‘communautaire dimensie’ (art. 1) ........................................................................ 111
Inhoudelijke beoordeling (art. 2) ...................................................................................................... 114
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) .................................................................................................. 116
GEMEENSCHAPPELIJKE ONDERNEMINGEN (GO) ............................................................................................. 117
Is GO Full Function? ....................................................................................................................... 118
2
, Is GO Concentratief? ...................................................................................................................... 118
PROCEDURE .......................................................................................................................................... 119
Procedure – voorafgaande aanmelding ............................................................................................ 119
Procedure – Fase I .......................................................................................................................... 122
Procedure – Fase II ......................................................................................................................... 122
Procedure – onderzoeksmogelijkheden ........................................................................................... 123
Resultaten in de praktijk.................................................................................................................. 123
VERHOUDING TUSSEN NATIONAAL EN EU RECHT ............................................................................................. 124
‘one-stop shop’ concentratiecontrole .............................................................................................. 124
Duitse clausule .............................................................................................................................. 125
Nederlandse clausule .................................................................................................................... 125
CONCENTRATIECONTROLE = RECHT EN STRATEGIE ........................................................................................... 126
VEREENVOUDIGDE PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................. 126
NIEUWE IDEEËN...................................................................................................................................... 127
H7: NEMO TENETUR IN COMPETITION LAW PROCEEDINGS (LES 11) .................................................. 129
PART I: NEMO TENETUR* IN COMPETITION LAW PROCEEDINGS DE LEGE LATA .......................................................... 129
Origin of Nemo Tenetur in competition law: Case C-374/87, “Orkem” ................................................ 129
1. Undertaking is compelled to answer..................................................................................................... 129
2. Undertaking is asked to admit the existence of the infringement ............................................................ 129
PART II: NEMO TENETUR IN COMPETITION LAW PROCEEDINGS AFTER DB CONSOB ................................................ 130
How to reconcile CONSOB and competition law? ............................................................................ 131
Some questions ............................................................................................................................. 132
H8: STAATSSTEUN – MATERIEEL RECHT EN PROCEDURE (LES 12) ...................................................... 133
A. STAATSSTEUN – ALGEMEEN .................................................................................................................... 133
B. TOEPASSINGSGEBIED (‘TWEEDE LIJN’) NA MODERNISERING VAN HET EU-STAATSSTEUNBELEID ................................. 134
Artikel 107, lid 1 VWEU – dit van buiten leren! ................................................................................... 134
Gedrag ........................................................................................................................................................ 135
Partijen........................................................................................................................................................ 136
Doel of ebect ............................................................................................................................................... 138
Uniedimensie .............................................................................................................................................. 140
C. VRIJSTELLINGEN (‘DERDE LIJN’) NA MODERNISERING VAN HET EU-STAATSSTEUNBELEID ......................................... 141
Vrijstellingen – algemeen .............................................................................................................................. 141
Vrijstelling per se: art. 107, lid 2 VWEU .......................................................................................................... 142
Facultatieve vrijstellingen: art. 107, lid 3 VWEU ............................................................................................. 142
Vrijstellingen – regionale steun ..................................................................................................................... 143
AGVV – algemeen (les 13) ............................................................................................................................. 143
D. PROCEDURE NA MODERNISERING VAN HET EU-STAATSSTEUNBELEID ................................................................ 146
Procedure – algemeen.................................................................................................................................. 146
Procedure – bestaande steun ....................................................................................................................... 147
Procedure – nieuwe steun ............................................................................................................................ 147
Informele vs formele procedure .................................................................................................................... 147
Modernisering : Procedureverordening 2015.................................................................................................. 148
Terugvordering van staatssteun .................................................................................................................... 148
Private handhaving? ..................................................................................................................................... 149
E. STAATSSTEUN EN INDUSTRIEEL BELEID ....................................................................................................... 149
Vertrekpunt = artikel 173 VWEU .................................................................................................................... 149
Sinds 2020: nieuw beleid-EU ........................................................................................................................ 149
Important project of common European interest (IPCEI) ................................................................................ 151
FDI/FSR ....................................................................................................................................................... 151
3
, Foreign Subsidy Regulation (FSR) .................................................................................................................. 152
2022 US Inflation Reduction Act – EU reactions ............................................................................................. 153
F. STAATSSTEUN – CONCLUSIES .................................................................................................................. 154
H9: OPENBARE ONDERNEMINGEN, MONOPOLIES EN DIENSTEN VAN ALGEMEEN BELANG (LES 14) ... 156
A. OPENBARE ONDERNEMINGEN, PRIVATISERING ........................................................................................ 156
Terminologie, neutraliteitsbeginsel ............................................................................................................... 156
Is neutraliteit een fictie geworden?................................................................................................................ 157
B. MONOPOLIE .................................................................................................................................. 158
Monopolies – uitgangspunten.......................................................................................................... 158
Monopolies – interne markt .......................................................................................................................... 158
Monopolies – mededinging ........................................................................................................................... 160
Monopolies – harmonisatie .......................................................................................................................... 163
C. DIENSTEN VAN ALGEMEEN ECONOMISCH BELANG (DAEB) ......................................................................... 164
Wat zijn DAEB’s? ............................................................................................................................ 164
DAEB en staatssteun – Altmark Trans............................................................................................... 165
DAEB en staatssteun – 2012 Altmark- pakket ................................................................................... 165
D. CONCLUSIES ................................................................................................................................. 166
DISCUSSIECOLLEGE: SPORT EN MEDEDINGINGSRECHT .................................................................. 168
DISCUSSIECOLLEGE ................................................................................................................................ 168
DAEB CASUS REN NATUR – VASTE STRAMIEN ................................................................................................. 170
ZAAK ISABELLE THOMAS: .......................................................................................................................... 171
OEFENINGEN ................................................................................................................................. 172
OEFENING 1: GEZAMENLIJKE TOEPASSING 101 EN 102 ..................................................................................... 172
OEFENING 2: GEMEENSCHAPPELIJKE ONDERNEMING ....................................................................................... 173
THEORIEVRAAG: ..................................................................................................................................... 174
EXAMEN ......................................................................................................................................... 175
EXAMEN JUNI 2020 I ................................................................................................................................ 175
EXAMEN JUNI 2020 II .............................................................................................................................. 185
4
, Examen
Toepassing van theorie (vb in de les) + open vragen – gesloten boek
Markt en marktrecht
‘’Originally a market was a public place in a town where provisions and other objects were exposed
for sale; but the word has been generalized, so as to mean anybody of persons who are in intimate
business relations and carry on extensive transactions in any commodity. A great city may contain as
many markets as there are important branches of trade, and these markets may or may not be
localized. The central point of a market is the public exchange, mart or auction rooms, where the
traders agree to meet and transact business. In London the Stock Market, the Corn Market, the Coal
Market, the Sugar Market, and many others are distinctly localized; in Manchester the Cotton Market,
the Cotton Waste Market, and others. But this distinction of locality is not necessary. The traders may
be spread over a whole town, or region of country, and yet make a market, if they are, by means of
fairs, meetings, published price lists, the post-oTice or otherwise, in close communication with each
other’’ (Jevons, The Theory of Political Economy, 1871)
• Een markt hoeft niet gebonden te zijn aan een fysieke locatie. Het is niet meer aan een plaats
gebonden.
o Het gaat over het zoeken naar een close connection met deelnemers van de markt
“The market is not a place, a thing, or a collective entity. The market is a process, actuated by the
interplay of the actions of the various individuals cooperating under the division of labor. The forces
determining the – continually changing – state of the market are the value judgments of these
individuals and their actions as directed by the value judgments. There is nothing inhuman or mystic
regarding the market. The market process is entirely a resultant of human actions. Every market
phenomenon can be traced back to definite choices by the members of the market society.”
(Von Mises, Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, 2007)
• De markt is eigenlijk een proces – vrije mededinging is iets dat constant evolueert (niet
statisch).
• Het gaat er niet alleen om hoeveel concurrentie er nu is, maar ook hoe te voorspellen hoeveel
nieuwkomers er klaar staan om op de markt toe te treden. De markt als proces.
• We kijken nr mededingingsrecht in meest ruime zin: hoe kom je op de markt (hoe heb ik
toegang tot die markt); hoe gedraag ik me op de markt; kan men mij sturen op die markt (d.m.v.
staatsteun beïnvloedbaar gedrag) vb milieuvriendelijker gedrag.
o Dit zijn de grote onderdelen van het EU-mededingingsrecht.
H1: Essentialia van EU-mededingingsrecht
De overkoepelende takken van het mededingingsrecht (les 1)
• wat? vrije mededinging bevorderen en beperken
o Vrije mededinging bevorderen maar EU wetgeving ook bedoeld om teveel vrije
mededinging te stoppen.
§ Want te veel vrije mededinging kan even slecht zijn als te weining
mededinging, (want teveel kan leiden tot sociale uitsluiting).
5
