Inhoud
1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................................1
1.1. WHY STUDY MIGRATION?.....................................................................................................................................1
1.2. WHY STUDY MIGRATION HISTORY?......................................................................................................................1
1.3. DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS.................................................................................................................................1
1.4. MIGRATION HISTORY............................................................................................................................................1
1.5. DIFFERENTS MODELS TO EXPLAIN MIGRATION....................................................................................................2
1.5.1. ECONOMIC DISPARITIES.................................................................................................................................2
1.5.2. SOCIAL NETWORKS........................................................................................................................................2
1.5.3. INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS.........................................................................................3
1.5.4. INTEGRATION OF THREE MODELS..................................................................................................................3
2. CENTRES OF A GLOBALISING ECONOMY: LATE MEDIEVAL BRUGES & 16 TH-CENTURY ANTWERP.................................5
2.1. A FORGOTTEN CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF MIGRATION: REASONS...................................................................5
2.2. BRUGES (COUNTY OF FLANDERS).........................................................................................................................5
2.3. ANTWERP (DUCHY OF BRABANT).........................................................................................................................5
2.4. MIGRATION CIRCUIT 1: MERCHANTS....................................................................................................................6
2.4.1. TYPES OF MIGRATION....................................................................................................................................6
2.4.2. LONGER-TERM INTEGRATION........................................................................................................................7
2.4.3. ATTITUDES OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES AND POPULATION.................................................................................7
2.5. MIGRATION CIRCUIT 2: CRAFTSPEOPLE................................................................................................................8
2.5.1. MIRROR OF THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY............................................................................8
2.5.2. ANOTHER FACTOR: IMPACT OF THE FEE POLICY............................................................................................9
2.5.3. URBAN MIGRATION POLICIES........................................................................................................................9
2.5.4. EVOLUTION BY SECTOR..................................................................................................................................9
2.5.5. RECRUITMENT AREAS: WHERE WERE THEY FROM?....................................................................................10
2.5.6. PUSH FACTORS.............................................................................................................................................10
2.5.7. CHAIN MIGRATION.......................................................................................................................................10
2.5.8. DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT OF THIS MIGRATION CIRCUIT................................................................................11
2.6. OTHER MIGRATION CIRCUITS.............................................................................................................................11
3. CROSSING THE NORTH SEA: ‘DUTCH’ EMIGRANTS IN LATE MEDIEVAL AND TUDOR ENGLAND.................................12
3.1. STUDYING EMIGRATION.....................................................................................................................................12
3.2. THE EXCEPTION: LATE MEDIEVAL AND TUDOR ENGLAND..................................................................................12
3.3. CONTROL OF IMMIGRANT POPULATION DURING WARTIME..............................................................................12
3.4. ALIEN SUBSIDIES.................................................................................................................................................13
3.4.1. INTRODUCTION OF ALIEN SUBSIDIES...........................................................................................................13
3.4.2. ORGANISATION OF ALIEN SUBSIDIES...........................................................................................................13
3.5. NUMBERS...........................................................................................................................................................14
3.6. NATIONALITIES....................................................................................................................................................14
, 3.7. ‘DUTCH’ IMMIGRANTS........................................................................................................................................14
3.7.1. ‘DUTCH’ OCCUPATIONS................................................................................................................................14
3.8. HOW TO EXPLAIN ‘DUTCH’ PRESENCE IN ENGLAND?.........................................................................................15
3.9. FEMALE IMMIGRANTS........................................................................................................................................16
3.10. RELATIONS WITH LOCAL POPULATION..............................................................................................................16
3.10.1. POSITIVE RELATIONS..................................................................................................................................16
3.10.2. CONFRONTATIONS.....................................................................................................................................16
3.11. DENIZATION: IMMIGRANTS BECOMING ENGLISH.............................................................................................17
3.11.1. DENIZATION BY OCCUPATION....................................................................................................................17
3.12. PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN LOW COUNTRIES............................................................................................17
3.12.1. PROTESTANT REFUGEES IN ENGLAND........................................................................................................18
4. AFTER THE HEYDAY: MIGRATION IN THE EARLY MODERN LOW COUNTRIES..............................................................19
4.1. EMIGRATION FROM SOUTHERN LOW COUNTRIES TO LATE MEDIEVAL AND TUDOR ENGLAND.........................19
4.2. SOUTHERN LOW COUNTRIES AT END OF 16TH CENTURY.....................................................................................19
4.3. ARTS AND LUXURY INDUSTRIES..........................................................................................................................19
4.4. FOREIGN ADMINISTRATION IN BRUSSELS...........................................................................................................19
4.5. ANTWERP: OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES IN 18 TH CENTURY (1796)......................................................................20
4.5.1. IMMIGRANTS IN 18TH CENTURY ANTWERP (1796).....................................................................................20
4.5.2. OCCUPATIONS OF IMMIGRANTS IN 18TH CENTURY ANTWERP.....................................................................20
4.5.3. OCCUPATIONAL SECTORS FOR IMMIGRANTS IN 18 TH CENTURY ANTWERP..................................................21
4.5.4. TRAJECTORIES OF IMMIGRANTS IN 18TH CENTURY ANTWERP...................................................................21
4.5.5. RELATIONSHIP WITH LOCAL POPULATION...................................................................................................22
4.6. BRUSSELS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY...........................................................................................................22
4.7. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN CAPITALISM........................................................................................................22
4.8. DIFFERENCES IN LABOUR ORGANISATION..........................................................................................................23
4.8.1. TYPICAL LARGE FARM, 66 HECTARES...........................................................................................................23
4.9. RURAL MIGRATION.............................................................................................................................................24
4.10. IMMIGRANTS AND WELFARE............................................................................................................................24
4.11. ORGANISATION OF WELFARE............................................................................................................................24
4.11.1. RESTRICTIVE POLICIES................................................................................................................................25
4.11.2. AGREEMENTS.............................................................................................................................................25
5. THE START OF THE GOLDEN AGE? EMIGRANTS FROM THE SOUTHERN LOW COUNTRIES IN THE DUTCH REPUBLIC 26
5.1. HISTORIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................................................26
5.1.1. TWENTIETH CENTURY..................................................................................................................................26
5.2. REFORMATION IN LOW COUNTRIES: SHORT OVERVIEW....................................................................................26
5.3. EVIDENCE OF EMIGRATION.................................................................................................................................27
5.3.1. HONDSCHOOTE (FR)....................................................................................................................................27
5.3.2. BRUGES........................................................................................................................................................28
5.3.3. GHENT.........................................................................................................................................................28
, 5.3.4. ANTWERP....................................................................................................................................................29
5.3.5. OTHER PLACES.............................................................................................................................................29
5.4. EVIDENCE OF IMMIGRATION..............................................................................................................................30
5.4.1. LEIDEN.........................................................................................................................................................30
5.4.2. DELFT...........................................................................................................................................................30
5.4.3. AMSTERDAM...............................................................................................................................................30
5.5. SIZE OF MIGRATION............................................................................................................................................31
5.6. MIGRATION AND REFORMATION........................................................................................................................31
5.7. DEBATE: MIGRATION AND ECONOMIC BOOM OF AMSTERDAM........................................................................31
5.7.1. MERCHANTS FROM SOUTHERN LOW COUNTRIES IN AMSTERDAM............................................................32
5.7.2. WEALTH.......................................................................................................................................................32
5.7.3. DUTCH COMPANIES.....................................................................................................................................33
5.7.4. SPECIALISATION...........................................................................................................................................33
5.8. THE THIJS FAMILY: THREE GENERATIONS OF IMMIGRANTS................................................................................33
5.8.1. HANS THIJS AND CHILDREN.........................................................................................................................34
5.9. ECONOMIC IMMIGRANTS WITH LOWER STATUS................................................................................................34
5.10. CULTURAL IMPACT OF MIGRATION...................................................................................................................34
5.11. IMMIGRANTS FROM THE SOUTHERN LOW COUNTRIES IN GERMANY.............................................................35
6. MIGRATION AND URBAN CHANGE: ANTWERP AND BRUSSELS IN THE ‘LONG 19 TH-CENTURY’..................................36
6.1. THE URBAN BOOM OF THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY.................................................................................36
6.2. ROLE OF MIGRATION..........................................................................................................................................36
6.2.1. CRITIQUE OF ONE-OFF RURAL-URBAN MOVEMENT....................................................................................36
6.3. MIGRATION AND INDUSTRIAL BOOM TOWNS....................................................................................................37
6.3.1. INDUSTRIAL BOOM TOWNS IN SOUTHERN LOW COUNTRIES......................................................................37
6.3.2. POPULATION GROWTH IN ANTWERP IN LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY.......................................................38
6.3.3. REGIONAL MIGRATION TO ANTWERP..........................................................................................................39
6.3.4. LONG DISTANCE MIGRATION TO ANTWERP.................................................................................................39
6.3.5. LIMIT TO ANTWERP’S ABSORPTION.............................................................................................................39
6.4. BRUSSELS IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY.................................................................................................39
6.4.1. BRUSSELS’ ECONOMY..................................................................................................................................40
6.4.2. MASSIVE GROWTH OF CITY.........................................................................................................................40
6.4.3. REGIONAL MIGRATION................................................................................................................................41
6.4.4. LONG-DISTANCE MIGRATION.......................................................................................................................41
6.4.5. RESIDENTIAL PATTERNS IN BRUSSELS..........................................................................................................42
6.4.6. INTRA-URBAN MOBILITY..............................................................................................................................42
6.4.7. FOREIGN MIGRATION AND LANGUAGE.......................................................................................................42
7. GO WEST: BELGIUM AND THE EUROPEAN MIGRATION TO AMERICA........................................................................44
7.1. PUSH FACTORS: AGE OF CRISIS IN EUROPE IN 19 TH CENTURY.............................................................................44
7.1.1. MIGRATION TO AMERICA.............................................................................................................................44
, 7.1.2. LUXEMBURG................................................................................................................................................44
7.1.3. EASTERN EUROPE........................................................................................................................................45
7.1.4. POLAND.......................................................................................................................................................45
7.1.5. JEWISH EUROPEANS....................................................................................................................................45
7.1.6. SOUTHERN LOW COUNTRIES/BELGIUM.......................................................................................................45
7.2. PULL FACTORS IN THE US....................................................................................................................................46
7.3. TRANSPORT REVOLUTION FACILITATED THE ATLANTIC CROSSING......................................................................46
7.3.1. THE BATTLE FOR THE MIGRANT...................................................................................................................47
7.3.2. RED STAR LINE..............................................................................................................................................47
7.4. THE JOURNEY TO THE US....................................................................................................................................47
7.4.1. JOURNEY TO ANTWERP...............................................................................................................................47
7.4.2. STAY IN ANTWERP........................................................................................................................................48
7.4.3. HEALTH CHECK.............................................................................................................................................48
7.4.4. LIFE ABOARD................................................................................................................................................48
7.5. IMMIGRANT SETTLEMENTS IN THE US...............................................................................................................49
7.5.1. MOLINE, A BELGIAN TOWN IN ILLINOIS.......................................................................................................49
7.5.2. FLEMINGS IN NORTH AMERICA...................................................................................................................49
7.6. ANTI-IMMIGRATION LOBBY IN THE US...............................................................................................................50
7.7. END OF EUROPEAN-AMERICAN MASS MIGRATION............................................................................................50
8. CREATING THE ALIEN: MIGRATION POLICY IN BELGIUM (1830-1940).......................................................................51
8.1. CONCEPTS...........................................................................................................................................................51
8.2. BELGIAN REVOLUTION........................................................................................................................................51
8.3. POLITICAL CONTEXT............................................................................................................................................51
8.4. ALIEN POLICY 1830.............................................................................................................................................52
8.5. CAMPAIGN FOR STRONGER STATE......................................................................................................................52
8.5.1. BORDER CONTROL.......................................................................................................................................52
8.5.2. STRONGER ROLE OF THE SURETÉ PUBLIQUE...............................................................................................52
8.5.3. MANDATORY REGISTRATION........................................................................................................................54
8.5.4. LIMITED IMPACT OF NATIONALITY...............................................................................................................54
8.6. MIGRATION POLICY IN 1860...............................................................................................................................54
8.7. EMERGENCE OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT (POLITICAL FACTOR)..........................................................................54
8.7.1. WORKERS REVOLT OF 1886..........................................................................................................................55
8.7.2. IMPACT OF LABOR MOVEMENT ON MIGRATION POLICY.............................................................................55
8.8. LONG DEPRESSION 1873-1896 (ECONOMIC FACTOR).........................................................................................55
8.8.1. INTERNATIONAL VAGRANCY........................................................................................................................55
8.8.2. CHANGES IN EXPULSION POLICY..................................................................................................................56
8.9. EXPANSION OF STATE AT END OF 19TH CENTURY (POLITICAL FACTOR)................................................................56
8.9.1. MEMBERSHIP CRITERIA...............................................................................................................................56
8.9.2. EASIER PROCEDURES FOR NATURALIZATION...............................................................................................57
,9. WAR REFUGEES AND ECONOMIC MIGRANTS: MIGRATION IN THE ‘AGE OF CATASTROPHE’.....................................58
9.1. WORLD WAR I.....................................................................................................................................................58
9.1.1. BELGIAN REFUGEES.....................................................................................................................................58
9.1.2. BELGIAN REFUGEES IN GREAT BRITAIN........................................................................................................58
9.2. POST-WAR BELGIUM...........................................................................................................................................59
9.3. COAL MINES........................................................................................................................................................59
9.3.1. FOREIGN MINERS: NATIONALITIES...............................................................................................................59
9.3.2. FOREIGN MINERS: RECRUITMENT...............................................................................................................60
9.4. MIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS................................................................................................................................60
9.5. JEWISH IMMIGRATION........................................................................................................................................61
9.5.1. EUROPEAN ANTI-SEMITISM.........................................................................................................................61
9.5.2. JEWISH REFUGEES IN BELGIUM...................................................................................................................61
9.6. OTHER SECTORS..................................................................................................................................................62
9.7. MIGRATION POLICY 1918-1940..........................................................................................................................62
9.7.1. OTHER STAKEHOLDERS................................................................................................................................62
9.8. GREAT DEPRESSION OF THE 1930S.....................................................................................................................62
9.8.1. IMPACT ON MIGRATION POLICY..................................................................................................................63
9.8.2. NUMBER OF PEOPLE WITH FOREIGN NATIONALITY IN BELGIUM................................................................63
9.8.3. RESPONSE TO JEWISH REFUGEE QUESTION.................................................................................................63
10. GUEST WORKERS AND EXPATS: MIGRATION IN POST-WAR BELGIUM......................................................................65
10.1. MIGRATION DURING WORLD WAR II................................................................................................................65
10.2. ECONOMIC CONTEXT POST-WWII.....................................................................................................................65
10.3. MIGRATION CIRCUIT 1: INTERNATIONAL LABORERS.........................................................................................65
10.3.1. ITALIAN GUEST WORKERS..........................................................................................................................66
10.3.2. WORKING CONDITIONS.............................................................................................................................66
10.3.3. NEW BILATERAL AGREEMENTS..................................................................................................................66
10.3.4. TURKISH AND MOROCCAN COMMUNITIES IN BELGIUM...........................................................................66
10.3.5. ECONOMIC RECESSION OF 1970S..............................................................................................................67
10.3.6. IMPACT ON BELGIAN MIGRATION POLICY..................................................................................................67
10.3.7. INCREASE IN ANTI-IMMIGRANT HOSITILITY...............................................................................................68
10.4. MIGRATION CIRCUIT 2: COLONIZATION & DECOLONIZATION...........................................................................68
10.5. MIGRATION CIRCUIT 3: EUROPEAN INTEGRATION............................................................................................69
10.5.1. SCHENGEN TREATIES..................................................................................................................................69
10.5.2. IMPACT OF SCHENGEN TREATY ON MIGRATION........................................................................................69
10.5.3. NUMBERS FROM 2021...............................................................................................................................69
10.6. MIGRATION CIRCUIT 4: REFUGEES AND THE EU...............................................................................................70
,1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. WHY STUDY MIGRATION?
1* the UNITED NATIONS believe that migration is a CROSS-CUTTING ISSUE
- Connected to all SDGs (= series of global challenges; overcome them to ensure peace/welfare)
- Ex: hunger might cause migration
2* migration receives CONSTANT MEDIA ATTENTION
3* migration is the SUBJECT of POLITICAL DEBATE
- Has caused several governments to collapse
1.2. WHY STUDY MIGRATION HISTORY?
1* migratory movements are important as HISTORICAL EVENTS
- Ex: 16th century: 20% of the Southern Low Countries moved to the Northern Low Countries
2* a historical perspective on migration gives us INSIGHT IN CONTEMPORARY EVENTS
- The media uses ‘unprecedented’, ‘largest refugee movement since WOII’
o BUT (bigger) migration movements have happened in the past
- Looking at regulations in the past can inspire us today
1.3. DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS
= people moving from one place to another
- With the purpose of staying there for a substantial period of time
o Not necessarily permanently (ex: seasonal migration)
IMMIGRATION Moving into a territory
- Easier to study: authorities can gain money from citizenship à sources!!
EMIGRATION Moving away from a territory
- Harder to study: authorities don’t gain anything from it à no sources!!
- Solution: sources from countries they migrated to
INTERNATIONAL Moving to a different territory
MIGRATION
INTERNAL MIGRATION Moving within a territory
RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION Moving from the countryside to the city
- Completely different reality
PERMANENT MIGRATION Moving somewhere permanently
TEMPORARY MIGRATION Moving somewhere for a limited period of time
SEASONAL MIGRATION Ex: working somewhere else in summer & going back afterward
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION Moving elsewhere voluntarily
FORCED MIGRATION Being forced to move
1.4. MIGRATION HISTORY
Long tradition of study of migration in social sciences, demography
Only since 1990s in history
- Bcs history developed in a period of NATIONALISM
1
, o Convincing people of the greatness of nation states using NATIONAL HISTORIES
PROBLEM: migration doesn’t make sense in this perspective
- People had to be Belgian, Italian …
- So historians projected nations into history
1990s: this changes bcs of new migrations streams to Europe
1.5. DIFFERENTS MODELS TO EXPLAIN MIGRATION
Models to explain why people (didn’t) migrated
1.5.1. ECONOMIC DISPARITIES
Opportunities are NOT THE SAME everywhere
- Reason people move = relationship between push & pull factors
o PUSH FACTORS = factors that PUSH people away from places
Ex: war, famine, floods, few jobs
o PULL FACTORS = factors that ATTRACT people to places
Ex: more jobs, safety
- Balance between push & pull factors determines SUCCESS OF MIGRATION
o Often there are ONLY PUSH FACTORS
Destination might not have pull factors (like jobs & housing)
Ex: 2015: Syrians left bcs of war >< Eu didn’t have pull factors
PROBLEMS OF THE PUSH-PULL MODEL
1* NOT everyone can TAKE ADVANTAGE of pull factors in the same way
- Ex1: exclusion of certain groups from jobs
2* Doesn’t explain SELECTIVITY of migration
- Some people leave while others don’t even though the push factors are the same
- Migrants go to some places & not to other, even though the pull factors are the same
1.5.2. SOCIAL NETWORKS
CHAIN MIGRATION = people move to places where they have friends/relatives
- Give them INFORMATION about OPPORTUNITIES abroad
- Give them MATERIAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT
COMMON CRITICISM of migration: ‘migration attracts more migration’
Creates CONNECTION between towns of origin & towns of destination
- Ex: Turkish community in Ghent are from the same region/community in Turkey
o They maintained the bonds over time
PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL NETWORK MODEL
1* BROADER than just friends & relatives
- Includes
o Personal networks
2
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