Complete Summary - Aspects of Britain - English History
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Aspects of Britain
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Hogeschool Rotterdam (HR)
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Britain
Complete samenvatting voor aspects of Britain.
Full summary for aspects of Britain. From chapter 1 till chapter 13
Samenvatting in het Engels
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Samenvatting Engels 3 Taal en Cultuur - Britain For Learners of English. Intermediate. Advanced. Student's Book with Workbook Pack, ISBN: 9780194306478 - Chapters 2 (up to 17th century), 3, 4, 8, 9, ...
Britain Chapter 1 - Country and people
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Aspects of Britain 1 Summary
Contents
Chapter 1:...............................................................................................................................................4
Chapter 2: History...................................................................................................................................6
Roman period 43-410.........................................................................................................................6
Germanic invasions 410-1066............................................................................................................7
Medieval period 1066-1458...............................................................................................................8
16th century.........................................................................................................................................9
17th Century......................................................................................................................................10
18th century.......................................................................................................................................11
19th century.......................................................................................................................................13
20th century.......................................................................................................................................15
Chapter 3:.............................................................................................................................................16
London..............................................................................................................................................18
Southern England.............................................................................................................................19
The midlands of England..................................................................................................................20
Northern England.............................................................................................................................20
Scotland............................................................................................................................................21
Wales................................................................................................................................................22
Chapter 4: Identity................................................................................................................................23
Chapter 5:.............................................................................................................................................27
Chapter 6: Political life..........................................................................................................................32
The style of politics...........................................................................................................................34
The party system..............................................................................................................................34
The modern situation.......................................................................................................................36
Chapter 7: The Monarchy.....................................................................................................................37
The appearance................................................................................................................................37
The reality.........................................................................................................................................37
The role of the monarch...................................................................................................................38
The value of the monarchy...............................................................................................................39
The future of the monarchy..............................................................................................................39
Chapter 8: The government..................................................................................................................40
The cabinet.......................................................................................................................................40
The Prime Minister...........................................................................................................................40
1
, The civil service.................................................................................................................................42
Local government.............................................................................................................................42
Chapter 9: Parliament...........................................................................................................................44
The atmosphere of parliaments.......................................................................................................45
An MP’s life.......................................................................................................................................46
Parliamentary business.....................................................................................................................47
The party system in parliament........................................................................................................48
The House of Lords...........................................................................................................................48
Chapter 10: Elections............................................................................................................................50
The system........................................................................................................................................50
Formal arrangements.......................................................................................................................51
The campaign...................................................................................................................................51
Polling day and election night...........................................................................................................51
Recent results and the future...........................................................................................................51
Chapter 11: The law..............................................................................................................................54
The police and the public..................................................................................................................54
Crime and criminal procedure..........................................................................................................55
The system of justice........................................................................................................................56
The legal profession..........................................................................................................................58
Chapter 12: International relations......................................................................................................60
British people and the rest of the world...........................................................................................60
The British state and the rest of the world.......................................................................................60
Transatlantic relations......................................................................................................................62
European relations...........................................................................................................................62
Relations inside Great Britain...........................................................................................................63
Great Britain and Northern Ireland..................................................................................................64
Chapter 13: Religion.............................................................................................................................66
Politics..............................................................................................................................................67
Anglicanism......................................................................................................................................68
Catholicism.......................................................................................................................................70
Other conventional Christian churches............................................................................................71
Other religions, churches, and religious movements.......................................................................72
Chapter 14: Education..........................................................................................................................74
Historical background.......................................................................................................................74
Modern times: the education debates.............................................................................................75
Style..................................................................................................................................................76
2
, School life.........................................................................................................................................77
Public exams.....................................................................................................................................78
Education beyond sixteen................................................................................................................79
Chapter 16: The media.........................................................................................................................82
The importance of the national press...............................................................................................82
The two types of national newspaper..............................................................................................82
The characteristics of the national press: politics.............................................................................83
The characteristics of the national press: sex and scandal...............................................................84
The BBC............................................................................................................................................84
Television: organization....................................................................................................................85
Television: style................................................................................................................................85
3
,Chapter 1:
The Republic of Ireland is also called Eire.
The United Kingdom (UK) is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland. Sometimes referred to as Great Britain (GB).
- Great Britain (GB) = Scotland, England, Wales.
- The UK = GB + Northern Ireland.
- British Isles = UK + Ireland.
o British Isles disliked by people in Ireland calls to mind the time when
Ireland was politically dominated by Britain.
o Alternative name: IONA (Islands of the North Atlantic.
Four Nations:
- England
- Scotland
- Wales
- Ireland
Crown independencies and not officially part of the UK:
- Channel islands
- Isle of man
Celtic: dominant culture of people in Ireland, Wales, Highland Scotland.
Germanic: dominant culture of people in England, Lowland Scotland.
Albion: England/Scotland/GB. Latin word Albus = white. (Poetic name)
Britannia: southern British province (England + Wales). Female embodiment of
Britain (with helmet + trident). (Poetic name)
Briton: a citizen of the United Kingdom. Welsh language.
Caledonia: Scotland
Cambria: Wales
Hibernia: (Ireland)
Erin: poetic name for Ireland. Emerald Isle greenery of the countryside.
John Bull: fictional character personifying Englishness country gentleman.
4
,Dominance of England:
- The system of politics that is used in all four nations is of English origin.
- English is the main language of all four nations
- The supply of money on Britain is controlled by the back of England
- The name of the present monarch: Elizabeth II, even though Scotland and
Northern Ireland have never had an Elizabeth I.
- England is portrayed as a norm and other parts in Britain as special cases
(newspaper)
5
,Chapter 2: History
Stonehenge mystery:
- Purpose
- How it was ever built at all with the technology of the time.
o Some of the stones come from over 200 miles away in Wales.
For people in Britain, the chief signifance of the prehistoric period is its sense of
mystery. This sense fins its focus most easily in the astonishing monumental
architecture of this period, the remains.
Two thousand years ago there was an Iron Age Celtic culture throughout the north-
west European Islands. Celtic in Britain were just there and educated. Silbury Hill:
the largest burial mound in Europe.
- Silbury Hill & Stonehenge are located in Wiltshire, in south-western England.
Roman period 43-410
Scots in Ireland could easily go to Scotland. Scotland & Ireland never been invaded
by Romans. Picts stopped the Romans.
When?
- In AD 43 Claudius successfully invaded Britain
- The roman period 43-410
- AD 61 Queen Boudicca fought against the Romans but not succeed.
Why?
- Julius Caesar believed the Britons had been helping the Gaelic resistance.
- The romans could make use of the British food and other goods.
- Prestige more ground for the Romans.
Where?
- The romans established a culture across Southern half of Britain. Way of life:
Roman dress, language…
- Roman province
What?
- Cities: Londinium, Aquae, Sulis (Bath), Eboracum (York).
- Place names (Gloucester)
- Roads
- Hadrian’s wall
- Language: a few words are thought to belong to this period (e.g. port)
Hadrian’s Wall was built by the romans across the northern border of their province
of Britannia in order to protect it from attacks by the Scots and the Picts, in the 2 nd
century.
6
,Germanic invasions 410-1066
(5th century)
The tribes Anglo-Saxons soon had the south-east of the country in their grasp. In the
west their advance was temporally halted by an army of Celtic Britons under the
command of King Arthur.
- King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table are regarded as the perfect
example of medieval nobility and chivalry.
(6th + 7th century)
When the Anglo-Saxons came to Britain, they were pagan.
The Anglo-Saxons had a great effect on the countryside:
- New farming methods
- Founded self sufficant villages
Christianity was introduced into the south of England by the Roman missionary St.
Augustine. St. Patrick converts Ireland to Christianity AD 432.
(8th + 9th century)
The invaders, Vikings/Norsemen or Dances came from Scandinavia. In the 9th
century they conquered and settled the islands around Scotland and some coastal
regions of Ireland. Their conquest of England was halted when they were defeated
by King Alfred of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.
Anglo-saxons + Danes:
- Small culture difference
- Same way of life
- Spoke varieties of the same Germanic tongue.
th
(10 century)
By the 10th century, England was a United Kingdom with a Germanic culture. Most of
Scotland was also united by this time.
7
,Medieval period 1066-1458
On 14 October 1066 an invading army from Normandy defeated the English at the
Battle of Hastings.
- Most of the best warriors in England were dead, including their leader king
Harold.
- Duke William of Normandy (a.k.a. William the Conquer) was crowned king of
England.
- The thrown was promised to Harold and William by Edward
- Last time that England was successfully was invaded.
A strict feudal system was imposed:
- King
- nobles/barons
- lord
- peasants
o Forbidden to travel without lord permission
o Were English speaking Saxons
1086 king William’s officials complete the Domesday Book: a detailed. Village by
village record of the people and their possessions throughout his kingdom.
1170 the murder of Thomas becket, the archbishop of Canterbury, by soldiers of king
henry II.
By the end of the 13th century, a large part of eastern Ireland was controlled by
Anglo-Norman lords in the name of their king and the whole of Wales was under his
direct rule.
- 1171 the Norman Baron known as Strongbow and his followers settle in
Ireland.
Language:
- England: Germanic language, middle English
- Wales: Welsh Language
- Ireland: Gaelic Language
1215 king John forced to agree on the Magna Carta: a document in which the king
agrees to follow certain rules of government.
1295 the modal parliament sets the pattern of the future by including elected
representatives from urban/rural areas.
- The word parliament was first used in England in the 13 th century to describe
an assembly of nobles called together by the king.
Robin Hood is a legendary folk hero. He lived in Sherwood Forest outside
Nottingham stealing from the rich and giving to the poor. He was constantly hunted
by the local sheriff but was never captured.
8
,16th century
In its first outbreak in the middle of the 14 th century, bubonic plague (Black Death)
killed about a third of the population of GB. It reappeared for another 300 years. At a
higher level of feudal structure, the power of the great barons was greatly weakened
by infighting the wars of the Roses.
- These power struggles came to a head in the Wars of the Roses, in which the
nobles were divided into two groups:
o The House of Lancaster red rose
o The House of York white rose
o Lancaster + York = Tudor Rose
- The war ended in 1485 when Henry Tudor defeated and killed Richard III at
the battle of Bosworth Field.
The Tudor Dynast (1485-1603) established a system of government department
staffed professionals who depended for their position on the monarch.
- The Tudor monarch were disloyal to their officials and merciless to any nobles
who opposed them more than a half of the famous names of the period are
executed.
The cause of the rise of Protestantism in Egnland was political and personal rather
than doctrinal. King Henry VIII wanted a divorce, which the pope would not give him.
Also, by making himself head of the Church of England, all church lands came under
his control and gave him a large new source of income.
- Henry VIII had 6 wives (killed 2)
- Written a polemic against Protestantism, for which the pope gave him the title
Fidei Defensor (=defender of the faith).
It was therefore patriotism as much as religious conviction that had cause
Protestantism to become the majority religion in England. It took a form known as
Anglicanism, not so different from Catholicism in its organization and ritual.
Elizabeth I:
- Daughter of Henry VIII
- First one of the 3 long reigning queens
- Never married (no children) the virgin queen
1588: the Spanish Armanda: A fleet of ships sent by the catholic king Philip of Spain
to help invade England, is defeated by the English navy with help of a violent storm.
1603: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England.
1605: The Gunpowder Plot: a group of Catholics fail in their attempt to blow up the
king in Parliament.
9
, 17th Century
James I became the first English king of the Stuart dynasty.
The link between religion and politics became intense:
- At the start of the century, some people tried to kill the king because he wasn’t
catholic enough
- By the end of the century, another king had been killed because he seemed
too catholic.
- Another had been forced into exit for the same reason.
Anger grew in the country at the way the Stuart monarchs raised money without
getting the agreement of the House of Commons. Puritans regarded the luxurious
lifestyle of the king and his followers as immoral.
This conflict let to the civil war, which ended with complete victory for the
parliamentary forces.
- A contest between aristocratic, royalists ‘Cavaliers’ and puritical
parliamentarians ‘Roundheads” (because of the hair style)
James’s son, Charles I, became the first monarch in Europe to be executed after a
formal trial of crimes against his people.
The leader of the parliamentary army, Oliver Cromwell, became ‘Lord Protector’ a
republic with a military government which effectively encompasses all of Britain and
Ireland.
- The republic is called ‘the Commonwealth’ (1649)
But by the time Cromwell died, he, his system of government, and the puritan ethnics
that went with it had become so unpopular that the executed king’s son was asked to
return and become king Charles II.
The ‘glorious revolution’ in 1688 (glorious because it was bloodless) followed, in
which prince William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands, and his Stuart wife Mary
accepted Parliament’s invitation to become king and queen.
- Parliament drew up a Bill of Rights: limited some of the monarch’s power.
- Allowing Dissenters (= those Protestants who did not agree with the practises
of Anglicanism) to practise their religion freely. However, dissenters were not
allowed to hold government posts or become MP’s.
1660 the restoration of the monarchy and the Anglican religion
1665 the great plague
Ring a ring a roses Pattern of red spots on a sufferer’s body
A pocket full of posies A bag of herbs, were thought to give
protection from the disease
Atishoo atishoo Sound of sneezing
We all fall down Fall down dead in a few hours
1666 the great fire of London destroys most of the city’s old wooden buildings. It
also destroyed bubonic plague, which never reappears.
1690 Battle of Boyne, James II fled to Ireland and defeated by Catholic Irish army.
10
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