Summary NURS 472A NURSING PHARMACOLOGY : Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology Terminologies
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NURSING PHARMACOLOGY
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NURSING PHARMACOLOGY
Drugs
- chemicals which when absorbed, exhibit specific response or action
Pharmacology
- science which is concerned with the history, sources, physical and chemical properties of drugs as well as ways in which drugs affect living systems
Pharmacogenetics
- study of genetic factors as determin...
Pharmacology - inappropriate intake of a substance either continually
Lesson 1: Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology or periodically
Terminologies Drug dependence
- refers to a person’s reliance or a need to take a drug
Drugs or substance wherein there is intense physical and
- chemicals which when absorbed, exhibit specific emotional disturbance especially when the drug is
response or action withdrawn
Pharmacology Addiction
- science which is concerned with the history, sources, - the tissues come to require the substance for normal
physical and chemical properties of drugs as well as functioning
ways in which drugs affect living systems -physical dependence
Pharmacogenetics Habituation
- study of genetic factors as determinants of drug - the emotional reliance on a drug to maintain a sense
responses of well-being accompanied by feelings of need or
Pharmacognosy cravings for the drug
- study of drugs derived from natural resources -psychological dependence
Controlled drugs
Pharmacy - drugs that affect the mind or behavior which can be
- science of preparing, compounding (putting together dispensed only with a prescription
to form a whole) and dispensing (to distribute) Idiosyncratic
medicines - drug reaction is different from what is expected
Toxicology Drug Interaction
- study of harmful effects of drugs on living tissues effects of one drug are modified by the prior or
Posology concurrent (simultaneous) administration of another
- study of dosage (based on many factors like age, drug
gender,etc.) or amount of drugs given in the Drug Antagonism
treatment of disease - conjoint effect of 2 drugs is less than the drug acting
Therapeutic effect separately 1+1=1
- desired or primary (the reason why the drug is Summation
prescribed) - the combined effect of 2 drugs produces a result that
Side effect equals the sum of the individual effects of each agent
- unintended; secondary effect (can be desirable or 1+1=2
undesirable unlike adverse effect which is always Synergism
undesirable) - combined effect of 2 drugs is greater than the sum of
each individual agent acting separately 1+1=3
Drug allergy Potentiation
- immunologic reaction to a drug - concurrent administration of 2 drugs in which one
drug increases the effect of the other drug
Anaphylactic Reaction
- a severe reaction that usually occurs immediately DRUGS GENERAL PROPERTIES
following the drug administration 1. Drugs do not confer any new function on a tissue/
Drug tolerance organ in the body. They just modify the existing
- decreased physiologic response to the repeated function.
administration of a drug or chemically related 2. Drugs exert multiple actions rather than a single
substance effect.
Cumulative effect 3. Drug interaction result from a physiochemical
- increasing response to the repeated doses of a drug interaction between the drug and a functionally
- The rate of administration exceeds the rate of important molecule in the body.
metabolism and excretion
Drug abuse THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS
,Palliative - Study of the biochemical and physiological effects of
- relieves the symptoms of a disease but does not the drugs as well as their mechanism of action
affect/cure the disease itself - What the drug does to the body
Curative III. Pharmacotherapeutics
- treats a disease or condition - Study of how drugs may be used in the treatment of
Supportive the disease.
- sustains body functions until other treatment of - Pharmaceutic phase: 1st phase of drug action for
the body’s response can take over oral drugs
Substitutive Disintegration: process where the oral
- replaces body fluids or substances medication is broken down into smaller
particles
Chemotherapeutic
Dissolution: smaller particles are dissolved in
- destroys malignant cells
gastrointestinal fluid prior to absorption
Restorative
I. Pharmacokinetics
- returns the body to health
4 Sub phases of kinetics
1. Absorption
CATEGORIES OF DRUG ACTION
- taken into the body; process by which drug
Stimulation
passes from its site of administration into the
- rate of cell activity or secretion is increased ex. is
bloodstream; the time is when the drug is
agonist drugs
administered to the patient until it reaches the
Depression
- rate of cell activity or secretion is reduced ex. Is blood circulation
antagonist drugs - Factors affecting drug absorption
Blood flow rich blood flow enhances abs.;
Replacement
poor blood flow hampers abs.
- replaces essential body compounds, etc.
Pain, stress, food they delay the gastric
Inhibition
emptying rate
- killing or destroying organisms
Exercise more blood circulation in the
Irritation muscles than the GIT
- ex: laxatives irritate the inner wall of the colon Nature of absorbing surface transverse
increasing peristalsis layer
Solubility of the drug
Drug Classification pH
I. Specific Names: Drug concentration drugs administered in
1. Chemical/ Scientific name: drug’s atomic and high concentration tend to be more rapidly
molecular structure absorbed than in low concentration
2. Generic name: non-proprietary - Dosage form an active drug may combined
3. Brand name: Trademark/ Proprietary; given by the with another substance from which its
manufacturer slowly released or through a vehicle like
II. General Terms: enteric coating
Chemical Similarity Types of absorption
Biological effect or use Passive
Physiologic or Chemical action - major process of absorption; does not
III. Legal classification: require energy; occurs mostly by diffusion
OTC/ Non-prescription drugs
Active
Prescription Drugs
- uses energy to move a particle; usually
Illegal or Recreational Drugs
happens when molecules are large or if it is
MAJOR AREAS OF PHARMACOLOGY
Areas: moving against a concentrated gradient;
I. Pharmacokinetics uses carrier molecules
- study of the processes of drug ADME Pinocytosis
- What the body does to the drugs - carries the drug across their membrane by
engulfing drug particles
II. Pharmacodynamics
, Different Sites of absorption in the GIT - Receptor- area on where the drug
Mouth or oral cavity attaches and response takes place
Stomach - 2 effects of drugs
Small intestine: major site of drug absorption Agonist- will connect itself to the
1. Presence of many small folds/villi which receptors : 2 properties- affinity
greatly increase absorption (ability to bind) and efficacy (ability to
2. Highly permeable nature of the intestinal stimulate for response)
epithelium Antagonist- attempt to attach but
3. Presence of special transport systems for uneven attachment does not produce
the absorption of sugar, etc. response; may have affinity property
4. Presence of fairly rapid gastric emptying of Bio-availabity percentage of the administered
many drugs which delivers a greater drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation
fraction of the unabsorbed drug to the oral- less than 100%; parenteral route
upper intestine 100%; high hepatic first pass= 20-40%
5. Presence of extensive capillary network of Factors that alters bioavailabity: drug form,
the intestinal villi route of administration, GI mucosa and
Hepatic first pass/ first pass effect motility, food and other drugs, and changes
- The drug after oral absorption passes the in the liver function
intestinal lumen passes to the liver (major
organ of metabolism) via the portal vein, 3. Metabolism/ Biotransformation/ detoxification
and because of this the bioavailability is - changed into its less active form that can
reduced be excreted
- Bioavailability: percentage or amount of Principal site is the liver
drug that goes through circulation Hepatic first pass effect
- Ex: Morphin, coumadin Factors affecting drug metabolism:
- Age infants and elderly have reduced ability
- We can bypass it through bucal route and
to metabolize
sublingually
- Nutrition liver enzymes involved in the
2. Distribution metabolism rely on the adequate amount
- moved into various tissues; transportation of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates,
of a drug from its site of absorption to its vitamins
site of action - Amounts of major body hormones
insufficient amounts can reduce
Factors affecting drug distribution metabolism in the liver
Plasma protein binding effect is the - Liver disease inhibits drug metabolizing
interaction in which drugs are bound to enzymes in the liver
varying degrees through % with protein 4. Excretion
primarily the albumin in the body - removed from the body
- More than 89% = highly protein - Primary process by which drugs are eliminated
bound;longer effect from the body
- 61-89 = moderately high - Drugs can be excreted by the kidneys (major
- 30-600 = moderate organs for drug excretion), intestines, lungs,
- Less than 30= low protein bound mammary, sweat and salivary glands
- Factors affecting renal excretion
Volume distribution - Glomerular Filtration Rate (normal:125 ml/min)
Obesity decreased GFR --lower drug excretion-- drug
- Blood flows through fat slowly thus accumulation -- toxicity
increasing the time before the drug is - Tubular secretion rate decreased tubular renal
released secretion rate=decreased excretion
Barriers to drug distribution - Urine pH acid urine eliminates basic drug and
- BBB- lipid soluble; loosely bound protein basic urine eliminates acidic drug
- Placental barrier
Receptor combination
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