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Summary - Loss & Psychotrauma ()
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Summary of all articles and lectures of the course Loss & Psychotrauma 2023/2023
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Summary loss &psychotrauma
(201500816)
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Week 1.............................................................................................................3
Literature week 1..............................................................................3
Disturbed grief: prolonged grief disorder and persistent complex
bereavement disorder (Boelen & Smid, 2016)..............................................3
The health outcomes of bereavement (Stroebe, Shut & Stroebe, 2007)......4
Workshop Jeroen...............................................................................8
Week 2...........................................................................................................11
Literature week 2............................................................................11
Workshop Anneke Vedder - A micro-sociological theory of
adjustment to loss (Maciejewski et al., 2021).................................12
Lecture 2 – theoretical approaches to grief & grieving – Maggie
Stroebe............................................................................................12
Week 3...........................................................................................................14
Lecture 3.....................................................................................................14
Child, family and trauma.............................................................................14
Literature week 3........................................................................................18
A Trauma-Informed, Family-Centered, Virtual Home Visiting
Program for Young Children: One-Year Outcomes Mogil et al.,
2021..........................................................................................18
Cognitive behavioral treatments for children and adolescents
exposed to traumatic events: A meta-analysis examining
, variables moderating treatment outcomes (Yohannan et al.,
2021).........................................................................................19
Week 4...........................................................................................................20
Literature week 4............................................................................20
Development of multidisciplinary sexual assault centres in the Netherlands
(Covers et al., 2022)...................................................................................20
Workshop Simone Belt - Understanding PTSD and Sexual Assault
(Dworkin)......................................................................................21
Lecture 4 – the dynamics of sexual trauma.....................................23
Week 5...........................................................................................................25
Literature week 5............................................................................25
Lecture 5 - characteristics and effectiveness of grief interventions –
Henk Schut......................................................................................26
Workshop Josita - Narrative Exposure Therapy for PTSD..............31
Week 6...........................................................................................................32
Lecture 6 – prolonged grief in adults and children Paul Boelen.......32
Literature week 6:...........................................................................40
Workshop Franciska........................................................................41
Week 7........................................................................................................43
Literature week 7.........................................................................43
Lecture 7: Sjef Berendsen...............................................................44
Week 8...........................................................................................................46
Literature week 8.........................................................................46
Lecture week 8 A diversity perspective on trauma – Franciska &
Jeroen...........................................................................................48
,Week 1
Literature week 1
Disturbed grief: prolonged grief disorder and persistent complex
bereavement disorder (Boelen & Smid, 2016)
Grief tasks:
To accept the reality of the loss;
To process the associated pain;
To adjust to a world without the deceased in the midst of embarking on
a new life.
What defines prolonged grief disorder and persistent complex bereavement
disorder?
PCBD (persistent complex bereavement disorder) can be diagnosed
after 12 and PGD after 6 months.
PGD differs because of the distress and disability caused by these
reactions and their persistence and pevasiveness.
Only when symptoms are experienced more days than not. The
distress might be maintained by negative cognitions, avoidance
behaviours and loss-related stimuli.
PGD prevails in around 5-10% of the bereaved individuals. People are at risk
when losing a partner/child, losing a loved one as a cause of an unnatural
death and already having mental issues. Women and lower-educated are
also more at risk. Peronality traits like insecure attachment and neuroticism
increase the risk as well. PGB is often comorbid with PTSS and/or MDD. PGD
causes worse belief about self, withdrawing from social contacts, rumination
and phobic avoidance of triggers.
Prevention and treatment: Preventive interventions are more effective for
high-risk groups than for the general population. Psychological treatments,
such as cognitive behavioural therapy, can reduce PGD symptoms and
improve functioning. Pharmacological interventions, such as antidepressants,
can be considered as an adjunct to psychotherapy.
Referral to specialists when symptoms go on for more than 12 months, or
earlier if PTSD or MDD symptoms play a major part. .
, The health outcomes of bereavement (Stroebe, Shut & Stroebe,
2007)
Everyone experiences bereavement at some point in their life, most
disrupting is mostly the bereavement of a spouse.
Mortality of bereavement: Bereaved people have an increased risk of dying,
especially in the early months after the loss. Widows are the least healthy.
The risk varies by the type and cause of death, the sex and age of the
bereaved, and other factors. Widowers for example have an increased risk of
mortality. Bereavement of a child usually affects mothers more than fathers.
There also is a greater mortality risk for younger than for older people who
lost their spouse.
Physical ill health: Bereaved people are more likely to have physical
symptoms, illnesses, disabilities, and use of medical services. Bereavement
can also affect the immune, endocrine, autonomic, and cardiovascular
systems.
Psychological symptoms and ill health: Bereaved people experience a range
of emotional and cognitive reactions, such as grief, depression, anxiety,
distress, insomnia, and memory impairment. Some people develop mental
disorders or complications in the grieving process4.
Risk factors: The article identifies various situational, intrapersonal,
interpersonal, and non-personal factors that can increase or decrease the
vulnerability of bereaved people to negative health outcomes5. These
include the circumstances of death, the quality of the relationship with the
deceased, the personality and coping style of the bereaved, the social
support and cultural context, and the availability of professional intervention.
Intervention: The article reviews the effectiveness of psychological
intervention programs for bereaved people, distinguishing between primary,
secondary, and tertiary prevention. The article suggests that intervention
should be tailored to the needs and preferences of the bereaved, and that
evidence-based criteria should be used to evaluate the outcomes.
Burback sections 1; 2; 5.1; 5.2; 6 and 7
1
The progress and challenges in the understanding and treatment of PTSD
over the last four decades, and the need for innovative approaches to
address the complexity and heterogeneity of the disorder.
The current diagnostic criteria for PTSD in DSM-5 and ICD-11, and the
controversies and limitations of these criteria, such as the boundary of the
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