Resume
Summary Marine Ecology - VUB
- Cours
- Marine Ecology
- Établissement
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
Summary of all lectures of the course Marine Ecology, given by professors Kochzius and Van de Putte at the VUB/ULB.
[Montrer plus]
Aperçu du contenu
MARINE ECOLOGYOCEANOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, HISTORY, AND TECHNOLOGY
MARINE RESEARCH
• Marine biology = biological oceanography
→ = scientific study of organisms that live in the sea
Marine biology: organisms close to shore or perspective of the organisms
Biological oceanography: organisms of the open ocean or perspective of the ocean
• Oceanography (should be rather named Oceanology)
Biological oceanography (marine biology)
Geological oceanography
Physical oceanography
Chemical oceanography
• Marine research is interdisciplinary
• So, little difference between marine biology and oceanography
Oceanography is better: science of ocean, not just biology
THE WORLD OCEAN
• 4 major ocean basins + Southern or Antarctic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
• Earth’s surface
Land: 29.2%
Ocean: 70.8%
• Relative ocean size
Pacific: 50.1%
Atlantic: 26.0%
Indian: 20.5%
Arctic: 3.4%
• Average Ocean depth: figure
Pacific: deepest
Arctic Ocean fluctuates the most
• Comparing Oceans to land
Mariana = deepest point of the ocean
Average: 3,729m
Average on land: 840m
• Major ocean basins are extensions of the interconnected world ocean
4 basins come together in Southern Ocean
So they are all connected
1
,MARINE RESEARCH: HISTORY
Phoenicians
• Lived in Syria, Libanon, Palestina…
• 2000 B.C.
But moved to Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea
Indian Ocean
British Isles
• Circumnavigation of Africa: 590 B.C.
Greeks
• Herodotus: made a map of the known world in 450 B.C.
• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): 1st marine biologist: description of marine
life
“gills of fish are breathing appartatus”
• Pytheas (geographer): sailed to northern Atlantic around 325 B.C.
• Eratosthenes (276-192 B.C.) calculated the Earth’s
circumference: 40,000 km → close to real
A well in Aswan (Egypt) → light shines in well → 7.2° angel
measurement
Romans
• Claudius Ptolemy: map of the known world in 150 A.D.
Vikings
• First Europeans to reach N-America
• Viking colonies in Iceland and Greenland
Greenland: agriculture then still possible
Iceland: completely occupied so it became unattractive to other people to go there
European age of discoveries (1492-1522)
• Cabot: 1 ship and 20 men
• Columbus: 3 ships and 88 men
• Magellan: 5 ships and 280 men
Travelled around the world in 3y
Chinese voyages of the Ming Dynasty
• 7 voyages from 1405-1433 with up to 317 ships and 37,000 men
• So lot more then EU
• Did not colonize <-> Europeans
James Cook
• First scientific explorations
Cartography
Natural history
Measurements of water T, currents, wind, and depth
• 18th century
• Killed in 1779 in Hawaii
2
,Benjamin Franklin’s chart of the Gulf Stream (1769)
• From America
• First one to describe the Gulf Stream to explain the climate differences
between Europe and America
Went to England: fast
Went back to America: slower
So Gulf Stream towards England
HMS Challenger: first oceanographic expedition (1872-1872)
• 127,500 km voyage
• 492 deep-sea soundings: to have an idea how deep the sea is
• Deepest sounding: 8183 m
• 133 bottom dredges
• 151 open water trawls
• 263 water T measurements
• Water samples from 1830 m depth
• 4717 new species
Belgica: first scientific expedition to Antarctica (1897-1899)
• First overwintering in Antarctica (because they were stuck in ice)
• Ice-drift for 12 months from March 1898 to March 1899: 3,600km
• Adrien de Gerlache (Belgium)
• Roald Amundsen (Norway)
World War I
• German development of U-boat submarines in World War I
• Invention of echo sounder (sonar: sound navigation and ranging)
German wanted to detect the Allies
Sounds reflects on sea floor → calculate depth
Modern sonar: creating “images” of how sea floor looks
Meteor expedition (1925-1927)
• Multidisciplinary study on topography, currents, and chemistry of the South Atlantic
• 2 sonars for echo sounding
• 25 month voyage
• 310 sampling stations
The submersible Bathyspere
• Dive to 923 m off Bermuda in 1934
• First deep dive
Auguste Piccard (1884-1962)
• From Switzerland
• Professor for physics at ULB in 1922
• 1930’s: balloon-flights up to 23,000 m (atmosfphere) (world record)
• 1953: dive with submersible Trieste to 3,150 m (world record)
• His son Jaques Piccard & Don Walsh (US Navy): dive to 10,912 m in the Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench in 60’s
MARINE RESEARCH: MODERN TECHNOLOGY
• The Alvin (1964): 4,000 m deep
Discovery of black smokers: organisms feed by nutrient from earth crust
RMS Titanic
• SCUBA diving (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus)
• Van Veen grab
• Trawl net → trawl net catch: identification, sorting, and measurement (length and weight)
3
, • Beam trawl
• Bongo net: plankton (2 nets → 2 replicates)
Coastal Zone Colous Scanner (CZCS) on the Nimbus-7 satellite
• Phytoplankton pigment concentration (figure)
Global map
High productivity around coasts
Low productivity in open ocean desserts
Satellite: measuring the sea floor
• Submarine mountains
• Ocean surface is theoretically flat, but anomaly due to
mountains → figure
➔ Bathymetry
The study of beds or floors of water bodies
More detailed using satellite data than ship bathymetry
OCEANOGRAPHY: THE SEA FLOOR
Green = mid-ocean ridges
➔ Eg. in Iceland → hotspot of volcanic activity
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
• By Alfred Wegener (German geophysicist) in 1912
• All continents were joint to the supercontinent Pangea 180-200 mya
• One large Ocean called Panthalassa and smaller Tethys Sea
Geological evidence for continental drift
• Appalachian Mountains
• Caledonian Mountains
• Atlas
• Mesosaurus
THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS → EVIDENCE FOR CONTINENTAL DRIFT
• Developed in the 1950s and 1960s
• Detailed bathymetry of the ocean floor → discovery of mid-ocean ridges → first hint that plate tectonics exist
4
Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:
Qualité garantie par les avis des clients
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur lunawillems1. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour €10,39. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.
Peut-on faire confiance à Stuvia ?
4.6 étoiles sur Google & Trustpilot (+1000 avis)
80364 résumés ont été vendus ces 30 derniers jours
Fondée en 2010, la référence pour acheter des résumés depuis déjà 14 ans