Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (6463PS006Y)
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Universiteit Leiden (UL)
Complete samenvatting van al het examenmateriaal, aantekeningen van colleges en samenvattingen van alle literatuur.
complete summary of the exam material of CCAP. Lecture notes and summary's of the literature.
Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (6463PS006Y)
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SUMMARY DUNE JANSEN 2023 CCAP
Important for exam
Exam material literature
LECTURE 1 CAROLIEN RIEFFE EMOTION THEORIES
- Normal E-(/typical) development/ context social learning
- E-development in clinical groups (deaf/ASD)
- E-development relation psychopathology
- What is emotion awareness/ emotion regulation, what is it?
- How to read research papers:
o Make sure you understand the research questions and hypothesis.
o Make sure you understand the design of study: what/how did they measure?
(methods)
o Results/Discussion: hypothesis confirmed?
o Do you agree with interpretation results?
o First chapter of book: functionalistic approach of emotions – study all
concepts.
Emotions are a signal. Like pain tells you that something needs to be looked after in your
body. Emotions tell you that something meaningful has happened. Emotions are there to
communicate to each other. They are there in relation to another person. Example: tennis –
you keep on passing the ball to each other, but you can’t walk off the field.
The functionalist view on emotions (Frijda, 1986):
- Concern (belang) is at stake.
- Change in action readiness: aimed to change or maintain relationships.
PRIMARY APPRAISAL:
- Defines good/bad immediately.
- Quasi automatic.
- Focus on event, nothing else matters anymore.
- Physiological arousal, body is ready for it. Fight/flight response.
à Primary function is provision of energy, mobilization of organism, prepare for action.
Example: person coming out of bushes with a knife in his hand and blood all over him. What
happens? Primary appraisal + latency time and after that secondary appraisal.
,à Why is it quasi automatic? There is very little control you can have over a situation.
However, there is some control.
à Latency time: example: cat that sees mouse. First: freeze, think of options, find strategy. It is
in between primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. Definition found in paper by Scherer.
SECUNDARY APPRAISAL:
- Based on previous experiences
à Has it ever happened before?
- Own abilities.
à Do I have a background in karate?
- Which strategy.
à Good talker?
- Different responses possible.
à What outcome do I want? What to accomplish?
- Determines which emotion.
à If I attack: I was angry.
à If I run away: I was scared.
à If I talk to the person: ???
à Different action tendencies are based on all above
WHAT IS AN EMOTION?
1. Physiological arousal.
2. Motor expression Manifested action tendency- what do I actually do?
3. Cognitive processing (appraisal).
4. Subjective feeling state.
5. Action tendency Urge- What do I want to do? But not necessarily what I will do.
Emotions don’t ‘just’ happen- it tells you what YOU feel and what YOU want in this
situation. The outcome one wants to achieve, or one thinks one can achieve, determines
the emotional reaction. Influenced by social context and focus.
DEAF CHILDREN:
- >90% grows up in hearing environment/families.
- Consequences: fewer communication means and little communication time.
- Problems in social-emotional development
- Sadness:
, o Focus on consequences/the loss I experience.
o Evaluation: reinstatement desired situation is impossible.
o You cannot change anything.
- Anger:
o Focus on cause.
o Evaluation: reinstatement desired situation is possible.
o Communication of boundaries.
o Reinstall relationship, change current relationship.
o You think you can change something.
Imagine your friend drops your iPad, it doesn’t work well anymore; what would
happen in deaf children? à based on theory: you cannot change the outcome of
the situation (consequence) which means they should be more sad over anger.
- Love
o Affection, confirmation – strengthens relationship, bonding, reciprocity.
- Jealousy
o Envy, protecting what is mine.
- Shame
o Reassurance, social acceptance, violated group norms and values.
- Pride
o Reinforces behavior valued positively in social context.
JAMES-LANGE THEORY
PERCEPTION OF EVENT à PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL à SUBJECTIVE FEELING
- Emotion is our feeling (awareness) of the bodily changes as they occur.
o When we blush- you feel embarrassed.
o Sometimes you blush because of the temperature.
- Thus, subjective feeling state is a consequence rather than a cause.
- Open to misinterpretation.
Emotions and mood states
- EVERY EMOTION DIRECT LINK WITH SPECIFIC EVENT/SITUATION/ MEMORY.
- Mood state is not linked to specific situation.
o Cause unclear, longer duration, lower intensity.
, Emotion by Klaus R. Scherer Chapter 6
Definitions:
Action tendency: resulting from the evaluation of the eliciting event, such as wanting to run
away or hide. Regarded the most important aspect of emotion because it defines its
specificity (the wanting of an action is important here, not the actual motor expression).
Activation: a heightened state of the central and particularly the autonomous nervous
system. Some authors use the term to refer specifically to the sympathetic branch of the
autonomous nervous system.
Affect: often used synonymously with emotion. Some social psychologists restrict the use of
the valance aspect pleasant vs unpleasant or positive vs negative, of feelings.
Appraisal: evaluation of significance of an object, event or action to a person, including an
evaluation of one’s coping activities. It can occur at various levels of the central nervous
system and need not be conscious.
Discrete emotions: the theoretical notion that there is a limited number of highly
differentiated basic or fundamental emotions that are common to different species and
cultures.
Display rules: there are socio-cultural norms that govern the type of emotional expressions
that are acceptable in specific situations. It includes de-intensifying, masking, suppressing, or
replacing the spontaneous expression. It is often used for strategic interest.
Emotion: hypothetical construct denoting a process of an organism’s reaction to significant
events. Emotion is generally presumed to have several components: physiological arousal,
motor expression, action tendencies and subjective feeling.
Expression: muscular actions in the face, vocal organs, hands and skeletal musculature
generally that are linked to internal states of the organism and thus provide indices of such
states, thereby serving communicative purposes. As a consequence, expression is often
manipulated to produce appropriate signals in social interaction.
Emotional reaction triad: Three response components: physiological arousal, motor
expression and subjective feeling.
Feeling: subjective experience of emotional arousal, often conscious and verbalize by using
emotion words or expressions. It is a reflection of everything that goes on in the process of
synchronization of different organismic subsystems in an emotional episode. If fulfils a
monitoring function.
Latency time: it allows for emotion to intervene between the elicitation of the emotion and
the execution of an actual reactive behavior pattern allows further evaluation of the
situation, including an appraisal of the likelihood of success and the seriousness of the
consequences of a particular action. – decoupling of stimulus and response.
Mood: major differences from emotion are a diffuse origin, a much longer duration and a
lower overall intensity.
Universality: Psychobiological notion assuming that evolved behavioural mechanisms should
be found all over the world, independent of culture (although culturally determined
modifications are always considered possible).
.
Proprioceptive feedback/facial feedback hypothesis: Proprioception refers to the capacity
of internal organs to provide sensory information about changes in the body. Proprioceptive
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