1. Each year the FBI publishes the _______ in which it lists the numbers of various crimes that
have become known to the nation’s police departments.
*a. Uniform Crime Reports
b. Self-Report Survey
c. Universal Crime Report
d. National Crime Report
Answer location: p 2
2. Which of the following is not included in the Uniform Crime Reports “Crime Index”?
a. Murder
b. Assault
*c. Drug Offenses
d. Rape
Answer location: p 2
3. ______ is a study in which citizens are asked whether they have been victimized.
a. Universal Crime Report
b. National Crime Report
*c. National Crime Victimization Survey
d. Uniform Crime Report
Answer location: p 2
4. Lawlessness in ______ surpasses that in other industrialized nations.
a. England
*b. the United States
c. Canada
d. Italy
Answer location: p 2
5. ______ crime is especially prominent in the United States.
a. Property
b. Drug
c. Traffic
*d. Violent/lethal
Answer location: p 2
6. Most people have developed their own _____ of criminal behavior.
a. Penalties
b. Experiments
c. Laws
*d. Theories
Answer location: p 3
7. _____ shape the ways in which people come to think about crime.
*a. Social experiences
b. Stereotypes
8. Americans’ views on crime have _____ since the settlers first landed on the nation’s shores.
*a. changed
b. become less harsh
c. become more lenient
d. stayed the same
Answer location: p 4
9. Support for criminal justice policies eventually will collapse if the _____ on which they are
based no longer makes sense.
a. data
*b. theory
c. community
d. research
Answer location: p 5
10. The very transformations in policy are themselves a product of _____ in society.
a. personalities
b. individual
c. time
*d. transformation
Answer location: p 6
11. The _____ emphasized the rejection of spiritual or religious explanations of crime in favor of
the view that offenders use their reasoning in deciding to commit crime.
a. Positivist
b. Chicago
*c. Classical
d. New York
Answer location: p 7
12. The _____ school emphasized the scientific study of criminals.
*a. Positivist
b. Chicago
c. Classical
d. New York
Answer location: p 7
13. Which of the following theory is not considered one of the three mainstream theories of
criminology?
a. Differential association theory
b. Anomie-strain theory
*c. Labeling theory
14. _____ provides the argument that the main cause of crime is not society, but rather the very
attempts that are made by the criminal justice system to reduce crime.
a. Conflict theory
b. Classical theory
*c. Labeling theory
d. Functionalist theory
Answer location: p 9
15. ______ explanations of crime argue that the answer to crime rests largely in harsher
sanctions.
a. Left
*b. Conservative
c. Liberal
d. Independent
Answer location: p 10
16. ______ argues that crime is best understood as an “event” that involves not only a motivated
offender, but also the “opportunity” to break the law.
a. Strain theory
*b. Routine activities theory
c. Conflict theory
d. Differential association theory
Answer location: p 10
17. Which of the following theories brings the biological thinking into criminology?
*a. Biosocial
b. Conflict
c. Labeling
d. Environmental
Answer location: p 13
18. ______ focuses its attention on how the roots of crime can be traced to childhood.
a. Biosocial
b. Routine activities
*c. Developmental criminology
d. Infant criminology
Answer location: p 12
19. _____ theorists argue that the embrace of capitalism is what induces high rates of
lawlessness.
a. Biosocial
*b. Conflict
c. Labeling
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