2023/24 1H Tsarist and Communist Russia - Potential Exam Questions
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1H Tsarist and Communist Russia . (1H)
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AQA
This is for 2023/24 AQA 1H students but can be open to other exam boards and this is every potential question that could come up in the exam divided into sections . This helped me massively and scored me an A* in 2022. Practice these under timed conditions. Enjoy !
,The tsarist autocracy remained strong between 1881 and 1904
Remained strong - to still be successful after having existed for a long time
Still remained strong Was being weakened - Was inherently weak anyway
Reversal of alexander II reforms After the death of his father, The size and diversity of the
by alexander the II- Called his Nicholas in 1894 had needed to empire made it extremely
fathers reforms as ill-advised catch up with the west and difficult to govern. The
and tantamount to improve civilians quality of life. different regions of the empi
revolution. Justice of the During the nineteenth century were under the control of
peace was abolished, and land there were a number of governors who had their own
captains replaced uprisings and protests from local bureaucracies. Poor
national groups seeking greater communications meant that
The tsarist regime hardened its personal freedom and more was hard to get decisions
stance towards opposition. The autonomy (self-government) in
from the centre carried out.
new Tsar Alexander III was their parts of the empire.
The regional governors often
determined to crush the Amongst the Russia
acted like independent rulers
revolutionary movement. The intelligentsia (writers, artists,
philosophers, and political in their own fiefdoms.
social and political reforms that
Alexander II had introduced activists), many believed the
were halted. police were regime was oppressive and that The support the Tsar enjoyed
strengthened, new policing Russians lacked basic freedoms the beginning of the war faded
methods were introduced and present in Western European as the military defeats piled u
there were a large number of countries. They gained a taste As in 1905, confidence in the
arrests of people who criticised for greater participation in government evaporated as its
the government. Georgie government. incompetence and inability to
Sidikhin was given effectively organise supplies f
responsibility for maintaining The liberal movement had the military
public order in St Petersburg. grown significantly after the at the Front and the people in
He recruited revolutionaries as local government reforms of the cities became apparent.
double agents to gain Alexander ll in. 1864, which had The zemstva and municipalitie
information about terrorist set up town and district started forming their own
attacks. – Pobedonostev – pace councils called zemstva bodies to provide medical care
setter for reactionary pace (singular zemstvo).These gave hospitals and hospital trains fo
local areas a small degree of the thousands of wounded
autonomy to run their own soldiers.
affairs, manage schools and
hospitals, build and maintain
roads
Russification - policy of In the later part of the nineteenth Leading liberals played an
Russification that had been century, the main revolutionary important role in these non-
imposed more rigorously in the movement was Populism. governmental organisations
second part of the nineteenth Populists put their trust in and that seemed to offer an
century. It was promoted by sought support from ordinary alternative – and much more
Alexander III and carried on by people. Believed that the effective – form of governmen
Nicholas II. This policy involved peasants in Russia could develop So, even though these
making non-Russians use the their own form of socialism. Life organisations were fully
would be based around
Russian language instead of supportive of the war, the
cooperation and sharing in
their own and adopt Russian autocracy regarded them with
peasant communes on a fairly
customs and habits. Russian small scale. This would avoid
suspicion and would not co-
officials were brought in to run capitalism and the evils of operate with them. The Tsarin
regional governments in non- industrialisation. in particular, saw them as
Russian parts of the Empire . revolutionary bodies
Russian was used in schools, The Socialist Revolutionary Party,
undermining the autocracy; an
law courts and regional formed in 1901, was a loose indeed they did act as a focus
government. Russians who got organisation accommodating for criticism of the
the important jobs in
, government and state bureaucracy’s failings.
sponsored industry. What made groups with a wide variety of
it worse was that the minorities views. SRs placed their central
had to pay large sums to the hope for revolution with the
imperial treasury. peasants providing the main
support for a popular rising . The
land would be taken from
landlords and divided up
amongst the peasants.
The political unrest of January 1905- September was
brought about by the Russo Japanese war
No, it was long term effects No it was government policy Actually – the war was a catalyst –
final straw
Alienated intelligentsia Tsarist regime · - Weak, By the end of 1903, the
· Middle-class liberals wanted to indecisive Tsar situation in Russia was volatile
participate in government; and potentially explosive. And
wanted some form of elected The nature of civil society in then war was added to the mix.
national assembly Students Russia was changing. The
protested against repressive nobility = sold their estates and The war with Japan arose out of
government controls rented land to enterprising Russia’s expansionist policy in
peasants. Ex-peasants could the Far East. Russia wanted to
Revolutionaries become landowners and exploit the area because it was
Socialist Revolutionaries – merchants. A new class of rich in resources and markets. It
wanted peasant revolution to businessmen was emerging. came into conflict with Japan
create socialism based around The zemstva had been active in over Korea, which the Japanese
peasant communes. Social towns and a growing class of had already marked out for
Democrats (Marxists) – wanted professional people believed themselves for economic
urban working classes to stage they should play a more active expansion.
a revolution to create a socialist part in running society. But the
state, then Communism government would not work EFFECTS= Defeats on land
with t hem, dismissing hundreds and at sea shocked Russian
National minorities e.g. Finns, of liberals from the zemstva in public. January 1905 – lost Port
Poles, Jews 1900 Arthur. War caused shortages
Wanted more autonomy and of food and fuel, high prices and
independence. Wanted an end Alexis de Tocqueville unemployment. Huge upsurge
to the policy of Russification commented that revolutions of discontent as Tsar’s
tend to happen in times of rapid government perceived to be
Peasants. Grievances included: change when things are incompetent.
poverty, need for more land, improving and expectations are
high taxes, redemption rising. Abraham Ascher suggests that
payments on land Suffered Russia might have avoided
periodic famines. Increasing ECONOMIC = Under Witte’s revolution in 1905 if it had not
peasant population was putting industrialisation policy, urban provoked a war with Japan – the
more pressure on land workers and peasants squeezed catastrophic defeats, he says,
very hard by high indirect taxes justified the opposition's claims
Workers and low wages.The economic that the autocratic government
· Grievances included: long slump after 1900 led to high was ‘irresponsible, incompetent
hours, low pay, terrible working unemployment and social and reckless. The war acted as a
and living conditions tension in towns. Poor harvests catalyst for the meltdown in
· Wanted more political power . in 1900 and 1902 led to 1905.
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