HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY Actual Exam 2023 Question And Answers.
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HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY
HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY Actual Exam 2023 Question And Answers.
Pattern - ANSWER-The occurrence of health-related events by time, place and person.
John Snow - ANSWER-()An English anesthesiologist who innovated several of the key epidemiologic methods that remain valid and in use today
Believed tha...
HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY Actual Exam 2023 Question A nd Answers . Pattern - ANSWER -The occurrence of health -related events by time, place and person. John Snow - ANSWER -(1813 -1858)An English anesthesiologist who innovated several of the key epidemiologic methods th at remain valid and in use today Believed that cholera was transmitted by contaminated water and was able to demonstrate this association. Descriptive Epidemiology - ANSWER -deals with the frequency and the distribution of risk factors in populations and enables to assess the extent of a disease. It can thus provide hypotheses of etiologic research Analytical Epidemiology - ANSWER -aims to res earch and study risk and protector factors of diseases. Pandemic - ANSWER -An epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people. Ex.. 1918 influenza (Spanish flu) Distribution - ANSWER -The occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes varies in populations, with some subgroups of the populations more frequently affected than others. Epidemic - ANSWER -sudden increase in occurrence of disease in a population usually w ithin a specific geographic region or population Exposures - ANSWER -Related to determinants,which pertain either to contact with a disease -causing factor or to the amount of the factor that impinges upon a group or individuals. Determinants - ANSWER -determinants Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic . Morbidity - ANSWER -illness due to a specific disease or health condition Mortality - ANSWER -Death, usually on a large scale Quanification - ANSWER -Refers to counting the cases of illness or other health outcomes. Denotes the use of statistics to describe the occurrence of health outcomes and measure their association with exposures Hippocrates - ANSWER -departed from superstitious reasons for disease outbreaks Wrote On Airs, Waters, and Places in 400 BC Suggested disease might be associated with environmental factors Paracelsus - ANSWER -(1493 -1541) was one of the founders of the field of toxicology. The dose -response relationship The notion of target organ specificity of chemicals John Graunt - ANSWER -is considered by many historians to have founded the science of demography, the statistical study of human populations. He analyzed the vital statistics of the citizens of London an d wrote a book regarding those figures that greatly influenced the demographers of his day. Ramazzini - ANSWER -(1633 -1714) is regarded as the founder of the field of occupational medicine. He authored De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Diseases of Workers), pu blished in 1700 . Edward Jenner - ANSWER -(1749 -1823) developed a method for smallpox vaccination in 1796. William Farr - ANSWER -(1807 -1883)Appointed "Compiler of Abstracts" in England, 1839 Developed a more sophisticated system for codifying medical condi tions Examined possible linkage between mortality rates and population density (defined as number of persons per square mile) Robert Koch - ANSWER -(1843 -1910), a German physician Published Die Aetiologie der Tuberkulose in 1882 Koch's postulates demonstrated the association between a microorganism and a disease. Alexander Flemming - ANSWER -(1881 -1955) discovered the anti -microbial properties of the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928 . Antibiotic became available toward the end of World War II carrier - ANSWER -individual - potential source of infection for others can be infected or transferring from infected person to another etiologic agent - ANSWER -etiologic agent pathogen respons ible for diseas reservoir - ANSWER -primary habitat which the agent is normally found and from which infection may result vector - ANSWER -living transmitters of pathogen vehicle - ANSWER -non-living transmitters sporadic - ANSWER -disease occurs at irregu lar intervals and in unpredictable locations endemic - ANSWER -maintained at steady frequency over long period in a particular population or geographic location direct horizontal transmission - ANSWER -person to person (shaking hands, kissing) self to self (direct fecal -oral- not washing hands) direct vertical transmission - ANSWER -parent to child (sperm, egg, across placenta, breast feeding, birth canal) indirect vehicle of transmission - ANSWER - waterborne vehicle - ANSWER -generally do not grow, but can survive in contaminated or inadequately treated or untreated water airborne - ANSWER -pathogen travels through air foodborne - ANSWER - fomite - ANSWER -non-living object harbors and transmits an infectious agent active transmission - ANSWER - passive transmisstion - ANSWER - Pathology - ANSWER -Study of diseases Bias - ANSWER -A flaw in either the study, design, or data analysis that leads to an erroneous result . Case Fatality Rate (CFR) - ANSWER -A mathematical quantity that describes the severity of a disease; usually applied to acute diseases. It is the proportion of persons diagnosed with a disease who actually die from the disease during the period of observation. CFR Formula - ANSWER -# dying from disease Y in population P -------------------------------- # with disease Y in population P Comparison of Rates - ANSWER -A measure of incidence or occurrence of a disease in a population. Rate Difference Formula - ANSWER -(rate of disease Y among th ose exposed to X) - (rate of disease Y among those NOT exposed to X) Relative Risk Formula - ANSWER -Rate of Y among those exposed to X ---------------------------------- Rate of Y among those NOT exposed to X Incidence Formula - ANSWER -# develop disease Y in pop. P in time T -------------------------------- # in pop. P Precision - ANSWER -Refers to the degree to which there is variation in a measurement. Accuracy - ANSWER -Refers to the degree to which the meas urement is, on average, correct. Population Controls - ANSWER -Serve as the references against which cases are compared. Mortality - ANSWER -Refers to death; death rates. Morbidity - ANSWER -used to refer to illness; rates of illness . Exposure - ANSWER -Generic term for the effective presence of any agent or factor that is thought to cause a disease . Ex: toxic chemical, dietary habits, activity levels, microorganisms . Endemic - ANSWER -Baseline incidence rate in a pop; at ay point in time, people are acquir ing a given disease in the pop. Ex: flu rate Epidemic - ANSWER -A greater incidence of the disease in a pop. than would normally have been expected; greater than endemic or baseline incidence . Disease Transmission - ANSWER -Describes the process of the spr eading of a disease through a population; "Who got it & how did it spread?" Contingency Table - ANSWER -Often used to show the relationship between disease and exposure; used to divide persons into the categories of diseased & exposed (A), diseased & NOT exposed (B), NOT diseased & exposed (C), NOT disease & NOT exposed (D). Conti ngency Table Example - ANSWER -Exposure | | YES | NO | Disease| YES | A | B | | NO | C | D |
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