Artificial cross-fertilization - Answer- removing anthers from a flower and introducing pollen of the desired type with a small brush
Pure-breeding strains - Answer- strains that consistently produce the same phenotype
Took Mendel two years to prepare his
P1 (Parental) generation - Answer-...
Genetics Exam 1 Questions and Answers Artificial cross-fertilization - Answer- removing anthers from a flower and introducing pollen of the desired type with a small brush
Pure-breeding strains - Answer- strains that consistently produce the same phenotype
Took Mendel two years to prepare his
P1 (Parental) generation - Answer- The original parents
F1 (Filial) generation - Answer- offspring of the P generation
Replicate crosses - Answer- repeat each cross several times
Reciprocal crosses - Answer- The same genotypes are crossed, but the sexes of the parents are reversed
Test crosses - Answer- determine the unknown genotype of an individual
Monohybrid cross phenotype distribution - Answer- 3:1
Monohybrid cross genotype distribution - Answer- 1:2:1
Blending Theory of Inheritance - Answer- hypothetical inheritance pattern in which parental traits are blended together in the offspring to produce an intermediate physical appearance
rejected by mendel's experiments
particulate theory of inheritance - Answer- a theory proposed by Mendel. it states that traits are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged as they are passed from parent to offspring
Law of Segregation - Answer- Mendel's first law that states that there is separation into gametes, and the random union of the gametes into progeny in predictable proportions
law of independent assortment - Answer- the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
revealed by dihybrid crosses
Dihybrid cross phenotype distribution - Answer- 9:3:3:1 Pedigree symbols - Answer- •Proband=the person who first came of attention to the geneticist
Autosomal recessive disorders - Answer- 1.Disease often appears in the progeny of unaffected (heterozygous) parents
2.Affected progeny include both sons and daughters
3.Usually skips generations
Autosomal Dominant Disorders - Answer- 1.Appears (almost always) in every generation of the pedigree
2.Affected fathers and mothers transmit to both sons and daughters, and are affected at
equal frequency
3.If neither parent has the trait, none of their children will have it
If the trait is rare (less than about 1%), ...
5....those with the trait are likely heterozygous. In crosses where one parent has the trait
and the other does not, approximately half the offspring will have the trait
6....and both parents have it, they may produce children who do not have it (the parents are likely heterozygous)
Polydactyly - Answer- Extra finger/thumb Autosomal dominant
Mitochondrial disorders - Answer- Must have maternal inheritance pattern
must reflect bioenergetic dysfunction
Specific mutation in mitochondrial gene
Autosomal recessive human traits - Answer- albinism, bloom syndrome (dwarfism & cancer up), cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, sickle cell anemia, xeroderma pigmentosa
Huntington's disease - Answer- Autosomal dominant lethal
Phenotype appears later in life (35 years)
Males are _______ for all genes on the X chromosome - Answer- hemizygous
color blindness - Answer- X-linked recessive
Fungi or algae cycle - Answer- haploid individuals and gametes with a brief diplophase
Metazoa cycle - Answer- Diploid individuals and haploid gametes (most animals)
Plants or algae cycle - Answer- haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes Chromosome theory of inheritance - Answer- chromosomes are the carriers of units of inheritance (genes)
chromosomes maintain genetic continuity through generations
Telomeres - Answer- keep chromosomes from sticking together
shortens in replication contributes to aging
Metacentric - Answer- centrosome is centrally located on chromosome
Submetacentric - Answer- centromere slightly off center
divides the chromosome into arms of unequal size
Acrocentric - Answer- centromere close to end
p and q arm - Answer- P arm is short and Q arm is long
Cell cycle regulation proteins - Answer- Cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases, phosphatases, growth factors, transcription factors
Chromatin modifying proteins (TopoII, cohesin) - Answer- TOPOisomerase II Cohesin
Separase
Securin
Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs)
TOPOisomerase II - Answer- unwinds DNA double helix
Cohesin - Answer- keeps sister chromatids together
Separase - Answer- cleaves cohesin and separates centromeres
Securin - Answer- triggers anaphase, transports separase to the nucleus
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) - Answer- e.g., kinesins, dyneins
G1 - Answer- growth
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