these are my revision notes for a test i had and this document includes the following topics: Occupation of the Ruhr, hyperinflation, spartacist uprising, munichputsch, kapp putsch.
Occupation of the Ruhr.
What was the Ruhr? The Ruhr was an important industrial region of Germany close to the border
with France and also home to many coalfields which were vital to Germany's industrial production
and, therefore, its ability to pay reparations.
Why did it happen? The action was provoked by, German deficiencies in the coal and coke deliveries
to France required by the reparations agreement(treaty of Versailles(signed in 1919) after World
War I.
On the 9 January 1923, in response to the lack of payment of reparations(from the first world war),
France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr. The French and Belgians intended to use these resources
found in the Ruhr to make up for the unpaid reparations Germany owed.
Hyperinflation
In 1923, at the most fevered moment of the German hyperinflation, the exchange rate between the
dollar and the Mark was one trillion Marks to one dollar, and a wheelbarrow full of money would not
even buy a newspaper.
Why did Germany have hyperinflation? In order to pay the striking workers the government simply
printed more money. This flood of money led to hyperinflation as the more money was printed, the
more prices rose. Prices ran out of control.( for example a loaf of bread, which cost 250 marks in
January 1923, had risen to 200,000 million marks in November 1923.)
Hyperinflation reached its peak by November 1923 but ended when a new currency (the
Rentenmark) was introduced. To make way for the new currency, banks "turned the marks over to
junk dealers by the ton" to be recycled as paper.
Spartacist uprising
In January 1919, the Weimar Government, was challenged by a group of revolutionaries called the
Spartacists.
The Spartacists were communists, who wanted Germany to be run by the working classes. They
believed that power and wealth should be shared equally among the population.
The Spartacists were led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg.
They wanted to replicate the Russian Revolution of 1917 by:
1)overthrowing the central government
2)establishing soviets (workers’ and soldiers’ councils) in place of central government in German
towns and cities
3)using violent methods
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