30 Multiple Choice Questions (70% of exam grade)
- Four response options, one correct answer
- Grading with guess correction
2 (out of 3) Open Questions (30% of exam grade)
- Usually discussion of advantages & disadvantages of different designs and techniques (esp. in terms of
internal & external validity, reliability, ethics)
- Make sure to (1) define terms/concepts & (2) discuss.
Research Design
■ Internal Validity: the extent to which we are confident that a causal relationship really exists
between two variables.
■ External Validity: the extent to which findings of your research can be generalised to other
similar situations.
Common threats to (mostly) internal validity
★ Internal validity:
1. History (context effect)
2. Maturation (subject effect)
3. Testing- performance (sensitization)
4. instability/ instrumentation
Common threats to (mostly) external validity
★ External validity:
1. Selection bias
2. Statistical regression
a. Regression towards the mean
b. Ceiling-floor effects
3. Morality (attrition)
1
, Measurement
★ Measurement Reliability: tests how consistently a method measures something. Generally,
measurement reliability is categorised into three groups: stability over time, internal consistency,
and intercoder reliability.
a. Test-retest: stability over time
b. Internal consistency: consistency between the different indicators
c. Intercoder reliability: different researchers finding similar outcomes
★ Measurement Validity: indicates whether the research accurately measures what you want to
measure. Therefore, measurement validity checks if the research is free of systematic errors, using
different criteria such as face, content, and construct validity.
a. Face validity: does the indicator intuitively seem like a good concept?
b. Content validity: does the indicator cover the full range of aspects?
c. Construct/ criterion validity: does the measure conform to the theoretical expectation? Is
it associated with theoretically relevant factors?
● Concurrent: is there another criteria that’s correlated?
● Predictive: is there another criteria that’s correlated (in the future)?
● Convergent: is there a correlation with existing measures?
● Discriminant: is there an overlap with other concepts? Does the concept allow
differentiation?
Research Ethics (3 Basic Principles)
I. Do no harm
II. Voluntary participation & informed consent
● Topic and nature of questions, purpose, use of information, freedom to stop, permission to use
data, risks involved
● Can marginalised and vulnerable populations give consent?
III. Protection of privacy and confidentiality
● Public information, confidential, anonymous data- don’t make promises you can’t keep.
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur kaylasagiz. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour €4,49. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.