This unit consists of smart object introduction ,types of smart objects,sensors definition,usage and types of sensors also what is actuators,thier types and characteristics of smart objects
Car has an impressive ecosystem of sensors of all types (for example,
temperature, location [GPS], pressure, and velocity) which improve safety,
simplify vehicle maintenance, and enhance the driver experience while driving.
Sensors are fundamental building blocks of IoT networks and foundational
elements found in smart objects, the “things” in the Internet of Things.
Sensors
Humans use their five senses to sense and measure their environment. The
sensory organs convert this sensory information into electrical impulses that the
nervous system sends to the brain for processing.
Likewise, IoT sensors are devices that sense and measure the physical world and
(typically) signal their measurements as electric signals sent to some type of
microprocessor or microcontroller for additional processing.
A sensor measures some physical quantity and converts that measurement reading
into a digital representation which is passed to another device for transformation
into useful data that can be consumed by intelligent devices or humans.
Sensors are not limited to human-like sensory data. They can measure anything
worth measuring.
In fact, they are able to provide an extremely wide spectrum of rich and diverse
measurement data with far greater precision than human senses; sensors provide
superhuman sensory capabilities which provides incredibly valuable source of
information.
Sensors can be readily embedded in any physical objects that are easily connected
to the Internet by wired or wireless networks.
Because these connected host physical objects with multidimensional sensing
capabilities communicate with each other and external systems, they can interpret
their environment and make intelligent decisions.
There are a large number of sensors which are grouped and clustered into
different categories, including the following:
1. Active or Passive: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they produce
an energy output and typically require an external power supply (active) or
, whether they simply receive energy and typically require no external power
supply (passive).
2. Invasive or Non-invasive: Sensors can be categorized based on whether a
sensor is part of the environment it is measuring (invasive) or external to it
(non-invasive).
3. Contact or No-contact: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they
require physical contact with what they are measuring (contact) or not (no-
contact).
4. Absolute or Relative: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they
measure on an absolute scale (absolute) or based on a difference with a fixed
or variable reference value (relative).
5. Area of Application: Sensors can be categorized based on the specific
industry or vertical where they are being used.
6. How Sensors Measure: Sensors can be categorized based on the physical
mechanism used to measure sensory input (for example, thermoelectric,
electrochemical, piezo- resistive, optic, electric, fluid mechanic, photoelastic).
7. What Sensors Measure: Sensors can be categorized based on their
applications or what physical variables they measure.
Sensor based on material, cost, design, and other factors are categorized in table
below:
Sensor Types Description Examples
Position A position sensor measures Potentiometer,
the position of an object; the inclinometer, proximity
position measurement can sensor
be either in absolute terms
(absolute position sensor) or
in relative terms
(displacement sensor).
Position sensors can be
linear, angular, or multi-axis.
Occupancy and motion Occupancy sensors detect Electric eye, radar
the presence of people and
animals in a surveillance
area, while motion sensors
detect movement of people
and objects. The difference
between the two is that
, occupancy sensors generate
a signal even when a person
is stationary, whereas
motion sensors do not.
Velocity and acceleration Velocity (speed of motion) Accelerometer,
sensors may be linear or gyroscope
angular, indicating how fast
an object moves along a
straight line or how fast it
rotates. Acceleration sensors
measure changes in velocity.
stationary, whereas motion
sensors do not.
Force Force sensors detect Force gauge, viscometer,
whether a physical force is tactile sensor (touch
applied and whether the sensor)
magnitude of force is
beyond a threshold.
Pressure Pressure sensors are related Barometer, Bourdon
to force sensors, measuring gauge, piezometer
force applied by liquids or
gases. Pressure is measured
in terms of force per unit
area.
Flow Flow sensors detect the rate Anemometer, mass flow
of fluid flow. They measure sensor, water meter
the volume (mass flow) or
rate (flow velocity) of fluid
that has passed through a
system in a given period of
time.
Acoustic Acoustic sensors measure Microphone, geophone,
sound levels and convert hydrophone
that information into digital
or analog data signals.
Humidity Humidity sensors detect Hygrometer, humistor,
humidity (amount of water soil moisture sensor
vapor) in the air or a mass.
Humidity levels can be
measured in various ways:
absolute humidity, relative
humidity, mass ratio, and so
on.
Light Light sensors detect the Infrared sensor,
presence of light (visible or photodetector, flame
, invisible). detector
Radiation Radiation sensors detect Geiger-Müller counter,
radiation in the scintillator, neutron
environment. Radiation can detector
be sensed by scintillating or
ionization detection.
Temperature Temperature sensors Thermometer,
measure the amount of heat calorimeter, temperature
or cold that is present in a gauge
system. They can be
broadly of two types:
contact and non-contact.
Contact temperature sensors
need to be in physical
contact with the object
being sensed. Non-contact
sensors do not need
physical contact, as they
measure temperature
through convection and
radiation.
Chemical Chemical sensors measure Breathalyzer,
the concentration of olfactometer, smoke
chemicals in a system. When detector
subjected to a mix of
chemicals, chemical sensors
are typically selective for a
target type of chemical (for
example, a CO2 sensor
senses only carbon dioxide).
Biosensors Biosensors detect various Blood glucose
biological elements, such as biosensor, pulse
organisms, tissues, cells, oximetry,
enzymes, antibodies, and electrocardiograph
nucleic acid.
Example: Sensor are used in agriculture field where it provides real-time
measurement of soil quality, pH levels, salinity, toxicity levels, moisture levels for
irrigation planning, nutrient levels for fertilization planning, and so on.
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